Krypton

Krypton (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, romanized: kryptos 'the hidden one') is a chemical element; it has symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas that occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. Krypton is chemically inert.

Krypton, 36Kr
A krypton-filled discharge tube glowing white
Krypton
Pronunciation/ˈkrɪptɒn/ (KRIP-ton)
Appearancecolorless gas, exhibiting a whitish glow in an electric field
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Kr)
Krypton in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Ar

Kr

Xe
brominekryptonrubidium
Atomic number (Z)36
Groupgroup 18 (noble gases)
Periodperiod 4
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 8
Physical properties
Phase at STPgas
Melting point115.78 K (−157.37 °C, −251.27 °F)
Boiling point119.93 K (−153.415 °C, −244.147 °F)
Density (at STP)3.749 g/L
when liquid (at b.p.)2.413 g/cm3
Triple point115.775 K, 73.53 kPa
Critical point209.48 K, 5.525 MPa
Heat of fusion1.64 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization9.08 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity20.95 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 59 65 74 84 99 120
Atomic properties
Oxidation states0, +1, +2 (rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 3.00
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 1350.8 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 2350.4 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3565 kJ/mol
Covalent radius116±4 pm
Van der Waals radius202 pm
Spectral lines of krypton
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4)
Lattice constant
a = 583.57 pm (at triple point: 115.78 K)
Thermal conductivity9.43×10−3  W/(m⋅K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility−28.8×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Speed of sound(gas, 20 °C) 221 m·s−1
(liquid) 1120 m/s
CAS Number7439-90-9
History
Discovery and first isolationWilliam Ramsay and Morris Travers (1898)
Isotopes of krypton
Main isotopes Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
78Kr 0.360% 9.2×1021 y εε 78Se
79Kr synth 35 h ε 79Br
β+ 79Br
γ
80Kr 2.29% stable
81Kr trace 2.3×105 y ε 81Br
81mKr synth 13.10 s IT 81Kr
ε 81Br
82Kr 11.6% stable
83Kr 11.5% stable
84Kr 57.0% stable
85Kr trace 11 y β 85Rb
86Kr 17.3% stable

Krypton, like the other noble gases, is used in lighting and photography. Krypton light has many spectral lines, and krypton plasma is useful in bright, high-powered gas lasers (krypton ion and excimer lasers), each of which resonates and amplifies a single spectral line. Krypton fluoride also makes a useful laser medium. From 1960 to 1983, the official definition of meter was based on the wavelength of one spectral line of krypton-86, because of the high power and relative ease of operation of krypton discharge tubes.

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