Portal:Oceans

The Oceans Portal
A portal dedicated to oceans, seas, oceanography and related topics

Selected panorama

– Hover over image and scroll to middle for controls to see more selected panorama images –

A view of the South China Sea, Bacuit Archipelago, municipality of El Nido, Palawan, Philippines
A view of Myrtos Beach and the Ionian Sea, Cephalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece
A panorama of Zanzibar, Tanzania, particularly the Stone Town, taken from the Indian Ocean
Caesio teres in the South Pacific Ocean in Fiji
Clouds over the Southern Ocean, with continent labels
A mother sperm whale and her calf in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Mauritius
A view of Filfla and the Mediterranean Sea. Filfla is a small, mostly barren, uninhabited islet 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles) south of Malta.
A sea anemone in the Pacific Ocean, Baja California, Mexico
A surfer in the Pacific Ocean at the 2010 Mavericks competition, village of Princeton-by-the-Sea, northern California
Icebergs broken off from glaciers in northern Baffin Bay, Cape York, Greenland
Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean
A view of the Southern Ocean from Great Ocean Road, Port Campbell, Princetown, Victoria, Australia
Satellite view of the Pacific Ocean and the main windward Hawaiian Islands

Introduction

The world ocean or ocean sea is the body of salt water that covers ~70.8% of the Earth. In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided. Distinct names are used to identify five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water and is the primary component of the Earth's hydrosphere, thus the ocean is essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir. (Full article...)

A sea is a large body of salty water. There are particular seas and the sea. The sea commonly refers to the ocean, the wider body of seawater. Particular seas are either marginal seas, second-order sections of the oceanic sea (e.g. the Mediterranean Sea), or certain large, nearly landlocked bodies of water. (Full article...)

Oceanography (from Ancient Greek ὠκεανός (ōkeanós) 'ocean', and γραφή (graphḗ) 'writing'), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the oceans. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and seabed geology; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers utilize to glean further knowledge of the world ocean, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans, including marine geology, physics, chemistry, and biology. (Full article...)

Read more about oceans...
Read more about the sea...
Read more about oceanography...

Selected article -

Satellite image of the Caribbean Sea

The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere. It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and southwest, to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba, to the east by the Lesser Antilles, and to the south by the northern coast of South America. The Gulf of Mexico lies to the northwest.

The entire Caribbean Sea area, the West Indies' numerous islands, and adjacent coasts are collectively known as the Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas and has an area of about 2,754,000 km² (1,063,000 sq mi). The sea's deepest point is the Cayman Trough, between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica, at 7,686 m (25,217 ft) below sea level. The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays: the Gulf of Gonâve, the Gulf of Venezuela, the Gulf of Darién, Golfo de los Mosquitos, the Gulf of Paria and the Gulf of Honduras. (Full article...)

List of selected articles

Interesting facts -

The coral Madracis auretenra has been used to study the likely effects of ocean acidification on corals.

The ocean liner SS Shalom accidentally rammed and bisected the Norwegian tanker Stolt Dagali, sinking the bow of the tanker but not the stern.

Flashes of light emitted by the sea snail Hinea brasiliana may act as a "burglar alarm".

Selected list articles and Marine habitat topics

Tasks

edit tasks

Here are some tasks awaiting attention:

Article requests : List of oceanographers, create a comprehensive article on Concentrations of marine debris out of all the gyre and "garbage patch" articles
Expand : Coral Sea, Endeavour Strait, Greenland Sea, Solomon Sea
Photo : find images for Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in the oceans
Stubs : Oceanography stub articles, Marine geography stub articles, Aleutian Trench, Bellingshausen Sea, Caernarfon Bay, Gerlache Strait, Gulf of Oman, Iceland Sea
Update : Botany Bay, Wilkins Sound, Mariana Trench, Challenger Deep
Verify : Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Bering Sea, Gulf of Aden, Iceberg B-15, Ionian Sea, Japan Trench, Moreton Bay, Sound (geography), Timor Sea
Other : add ISBNs and remove excessive or inappropriate external links from Aral Sea; check La Belle (ship) for GA status; improve citations or footnotes and remove excessive or inappropriate external links from MS Estonia

General images -

The following are images from various ocean-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Thule archaeological site (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 2For most of the 16th century, the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean trade. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 3A female warty squid (Moroteuthis ingens) (from Southern Ocean)
Image 4The Arctic region showing the Northeast Passage, the Northern Sea Route within it, and the Northwest Passage. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 5Sunset over the Pacific Ocean as seen from the International Space Station. Tops of thunderclouds are also visible. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 6As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 °C (36 °F).
Image 7Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 8Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 91937 delineation (from Southern Ocean)
Image 10Typhoon Tip at global peak intensity on 12 October 1979 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 11Emanuel Bowen's 1780s map of the Arctic features a "Northern Ocean". (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 12An exclusive economic zone map of the Pacific which excludes non-tropical islands. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 13Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 14The three major cultural areas of the Pacific Ocean islands: Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 15Excavation of the Ertebølle middens in 1880 (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 161911 South Polar Regions exploration map (from Southern Ocean)
Image 17Three polar bears approach USS Honolulu near the North Pole. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 18Aldabra giant tortoise from the islands of the Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles (from Indian Ocean)
Image 19The Arctic Ocean, with borders as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), including Hudson Bay (some of which is south of 57°N latitude, off the map) and all other marginal seas. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 20Agulhas Bank (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 21A stratovolcano in Ulawun on the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 22The 1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum, a map by Abraham Ortelius, showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 23The Arctic region; of note, the region's southerly border on this map is depicted by a red isotherm, with all territory to the north having an average temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F) in July. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 24Major ocean trade routes in the world include the northern Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 25Malé's population has increased from 20,000 people in 1987 to more than 220,000 people in 2020. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 26"Southern Ocean" as alternative to the Aethiopian Ocean, 18th century (from Southern Ocean)
Image 27False color map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 28Maris Pacifici by Ortelius (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 29Mombasa Port on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast (from Indian Ocean)
Image 30Regional Working Group zones for SOOS (from Southern Ocean)
Image 31Location of the Southern Ocean gyres (from Southern Ocean)
Image 32Minke whale (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 33The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's Limits of Oceans and Seas (2002) (from Southern Ocean)
Image 34Cod fishery in Norway (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 35An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Japanese whaling vessel Nisshin Maru. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 36On the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean temporary logistic stations may be installed, Here, a Twin Otter is refueled on the pack ice at 86°N, 76°43‘W. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 37According to the Coastal hypothesis, modern humans spread from Africa along the northern rim of the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 38The economically important Silk Road was blocked from Europe by the Ottoman Empire in c. 1453 with the fall of the Byzantine Empire. This spurred exploration, and a new sea route around Africa was found, triggering the Age of Discovery. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 39Path of the thermohaline circulation. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents.
Image 40Decrease of old Arctic Sea ice 1982–2007 (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 41Distribution of the major water mass in the Arctic Ocean. The section sketches the different water masses along a vertical section from Bering Strait over the geographic North Pole to Fram Strait. As the stratification is stable, deeper water masses are denser than the layers above. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 42Portrait of Edmund Halley by Godfrey Kneller (before 1721) (from Southern Ocean)
Image 431928 delineation (from Southern Ocean)
Image 44Coral reefs of the Maldives (from Indian Ocean)
Image 45An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane by (L to R) USS Burton Island, USS Atka, and USS Glacier near McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 1965 (from Southern Ocean)
Image 46Made in 1529, the Diogo Ribeiro map was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 47A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence, sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 48Sunset in Monterey County, California, U.S. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 49Capture of Atlantic northwest cod in million tons (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 50Continents and islands of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 51During summer, warm continental masses draw moist air from the Indian Ocean hence producing heavy rainfall. The process is reversed during winter, resulting in dry conditions. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 52The International Hydrographic Organization's delineation of the "Southern Ocean" has moved steadily southwards since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 53Frank Hurley: As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed (Endurance trapped in pack ice), National Library of Australia. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 54The island geography of the Pacific Ocean Basin (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 55Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean – areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind – create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes.
Image 56Bahama Banks (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 57The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 58Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1754. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 59A map of Australia's official interpretation of the names and limits of oceans and seas around Australia (from Southern Ocean)
Image 60Model of a Fijian drua, an example of an Austronesian vessel with a double-canoe (catamaran) hull and a crab claw sail (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 61Banks of the northeast Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 62Based on the medieval Íslendingasögur sagas, including the Grœnlendinga saga, this interpretative map of the "Norse World" shows that Norse knowledge of the Americas and the Atlantic remained limited. (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 63Pacific Ocean currents have created three islands of debris. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 64
Upwelling in the Southern Ocean
(from Southern Ocean)
Image 65Area inside the black line indicates the area constituting the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002; darker blue areas are its informal current borders following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 66A Chagossian on Diego Garcia in 1971, before the British expelled the islanders. He spoke a French-based creole language and his ancestors were likely brought as slaves in the 19th century. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 67Universalis Cosmographia, also known as the Waldseemüller map, dated 1507, was the first map to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans. South America was generally considered the New World and shows the name "America" for the first time, after Amerigo Vespucci (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 68Seas that are parts of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
Image 69In 2020, Japanese Prime Minister Suga declined to drink the bottle of Fukushima's treated radioactive water that he was holding, which would otherwise be discharged to the Pacific. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 70British invasion of Mauritius during the Napoleonic Wars on 29 November 1810 (from Indian Ocean)
Image 71A Ring of Fire; the Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes and oceanic trenches. This map does not show the Cascadia Subduction Zone along part of the west coast of North America, whose trench is completely buried in sediments. (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 72Air pollution in South Asia spread over the Bay of Bengal and beyond. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 73Mount St. Helens in Skamania County, Washington, U.S. in 2020 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 74Density structure of the upper 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the Arctic Ocean. Profiles of temperature and salinity for the Amundsen Basin, the Canadian Basin and the Greenland Sea are sketched. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 75"Terres Australes" [sic] label without any charted landmass (from Southern Ocean)
Image 76A copepod (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 77Madagascar's Elephant bird, Mauritius's Dodo bird and ostrich (from left to right) (from Indian Ocean)
Image 78Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 79A bathymetric/topographic map of the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding lands. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 80The Austronesian maritime trade network was the first trade routes in the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 81USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840 (from Southern Ocean)
Image 82Tarawa Atoll in Kiribati (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 83Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 84Banks of the northwest Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 85Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars taking over Tahiti on 9 September 1842 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 86Marine debris on a Hawaiian coast in 2008 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 87Impact of El Niño and La Niña on North America (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 88Map showing the migration of the Austronesian peoples (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 89The Atlantic Gyres influenced the Portuguese discoveries and trading port routes, here shown in the India Run ("Carreira da Índia"), which would be developed in subsequent years. (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 90Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. "He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it." (from Southern Ocean)
Image 91Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 92Walruses on Arctic ice floe (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 93Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are a keystone species of the food web. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 94Marine debris strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic Inaccessible Island (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 95Greco-Roman trade with ancient India according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1st century CE (from Indian Ocean)
Image 96MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg. (from Southern Ocean)
Image 97Admiral von Bellingshausen (from Southern Ocean)
Image 98The Kennedy Channel. (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 99A wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) on South Georgia (from Southern Ocean)
Image 100In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters. In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre. (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 101Sea cover in the Arctic Ocean, showing the median, 2005 and 2007 coverage (from Arctic Ocean)
Image 102The Aethiopian Ocean in a 1710 French map of Africa (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 103The Pacific Ocean, photograph taken from space by the GOES-18 spacecraft in September 2023 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 104The Andaman Negritos are thought to be the first inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, having emigrated from the mainland tens of thousands of years ago. (from Indian Ocean)
Image 105Manganese nodule (from Southern Ocean)
Image 106The bathyscaphe Trieste before her record dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 23 January 1960 (from Pacific Ocean)
Image 107Embarked and disembarked slaves in the Atlantic slave trade 1525–1863 (first and last slave voyages) (from Atlantic Ocean)
Image 108James Weddell's second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufroy (from Southern Ocean)

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In the news

16 February 2024 – Red Sea crisis: U.S. officials confirm that a cyberattack was carried out on the MV Beshad, an Iranian spy ship in the Red Sea, to inhibit the ship from sharing intelligence with Houthi forces in Yemen. (NBC News)
8 February 2024 –: NASA's PACE mission is launched aboard a Falcon 9 rocket at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, United States, to study Earth's ocean and atmosphere. (Ars Technica)
3 February 2024 – Red Sea crisis: 2024 missile strikes in Yemen; The United States and United Kingdom launch airstrikes against 36 Houthi targets in Yemen, including underground weapons storage facilities, missile systems, radars, and command and control centres. (Reuters)
27 January 2024 – Red Sea crisis: Marlin Luanda missile strike

WikiProjects

WikiProject Oceans
WikiProject Limnology and Oceanography
WikiProject Marine life
WikiProject Cetaceans
WikiProject Fishes
WikiProject Sharks

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WikiProject Arthropods
WikiProject Fisheries and Fishing
WikiProject Lakes
WikiProject Rivers

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External media

World Ocean Database and World Ocean Atlas Series – from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Includes the World Ocean Atlas.
European Atlas of the Seas – the European Atlas of the Seas, from the European Commission
NOAA Research – NOAA research news, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)
Ocean Research – from The World Ocean Observatory
Ocean Biodiversity Information System – "a global open-access data and information clearing-house on marine biodiversity for science, conservation and sustainable development"

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Earth's oceans and seas
Antarctic/Southern Ocean	Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea
Arctic Ocean	Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea
Atlantic Ocean	Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea American Mediterranean Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea
Indian Ocean	Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea
Pacific Ocean	Arafura Sea Bali Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Java Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seram Sea Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea
Endorheic basins	Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea
Others	Ocean Sea Superocean
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Physical oceanography
Waves	Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin–Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke's variational principle Mild-slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby-gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave nonlinearity Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave–current interaction Waves and shallow water one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations shallow water equations Wind setup Wind wave model
Circulation	Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis–Stokes force Craik–Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño–Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geochemical Ocean Sections Study Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean current Ocean dynamics Ocean dynamical thermostat Ocean gyre Overflow Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Wind generated current Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment
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Landforms	Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Knoll Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano
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Acoustics	Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics
Satellites	Jason-1 Jason-2 (Ocean Surface Topography Mission) Jason-3
Related	Acidification Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Explorations Observations Reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean temperature Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Outline of oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Stratification Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas
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Mid-ocean ridges
Present	Central Indian Chile East Pacific Explorer Gakkel Gorda Juan de Fuca Mid-Atlantic Pacific-Antarctic South American-Antarctic Southeast Indian Southwest Indian
Former	Aegir Alpha Kula-Farallon Mid-Labrador Osbourn Trough Pacific-Farallon Pacific-Kula Phoenix
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