Max Planck

Max Karl Planck

ForMemRS
Max Karl Planck; ForMemRS
	Planck in 1938
Born	Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck; 23 April 1858; Kiel, Duchy of Holstein, German Confederation
Died	4 October 1947 (aged 89); Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Bizone, Allied-occupied Germany
Education	University of Munich (PhD, 1879)
Known for	Quantum theory and ; See full List
Spouses	; Marie Merck (m. 1887; died 1909) Marga von Hösslin (m. 1911)
Children	5
Awards	Nobel Prize in Physics for his quantum theory (1918); Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (1926); Lorentz Medal (1927); Copley Medal (1929); Max Planck Medal (1929); Goethe Prize (1945);
	Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Kiel; University of Göttingen; Kaiser Wilhelm Society;
Thesis	Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the Second Principles of Mechanical Heat Theory) (1879)
Doctoral advisor	Alexander von Brill; Gustav Kirchhoff; Hermann von Helmholtz;
Doctoral students	Erich Kretschmann; Gustav Ludwig Hertz; Julius Edgar Lilienfeld; Max Abraham; Max von Laue; Moritz Schlick; Walter Schottky; Walther Bothe; Walther Meissner; Richard Becker;
Other notable students	Wolfgang Köhler; Lise Meitner;
Signature

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck ForMemRS (English: /ˈplæŋk/, German: [maks ˈplaŋk] ^ⓘ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.

Planck made many substantial contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. He is known for Planck's constant, which is of foundational importance for quantum physics, and which he used to derive a set of units, today called Planck units, expressed only in terms of fundamental physical constants.

Planck was twice president of the German scientific institution Kaiser Wilhelm Society. In 1948, it was renamed the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft) and nowadays includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions.

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