Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann von Helmholtz
Born	Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand Helmholtz; 31 August 1821; Potsdam, Province of Brandenburg, Prussia
Died	8 September 1894 (aged 73); Charlottenburg, Province of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Education	Medicinisch-chirurgisches Friedrich-Wilhelm-Institut (M.D., 1842)
Known for	Studies in the conservation of energy ; Helmholtz classical theorem; Helmholtz coil ; Helmholtz condition ; Helmholtz decomposition ; Helmholtz equation ; Helmholtz free energy ; Helmholtz free entropy ; Helmholtz layer; Helmholtz motion; Helmholtz minimum dissipation theorem; Helmholtz pitch notation ; Helmholtz reciprocity ; Helmholtz resonance ; Helmholtz temperament ; Helmholtz's theorems ; Helmholtz–Ellis notation ; Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect ; Helmholtz–Smoluchowski equation ; Helmholtz–Thévenin theorem ; Gibbs–Helmholtz equation ; Kelvin–Helmholtz instability ; Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism ; Young–Helmholtz theory ; Smith-Helmholtz invariant ; Additive synthesis ; Efference copy ; Heat death paradox ; Hydrodynamic stability ; Keratometer ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Place theory; Prism adaptation ; Pure tone ; Entoptic phenomenon ; Supercapacitor ; Unconscious inference; Vortex ring ;
Spouse	Anna von Mohl (m. 1861)
Children	3
Relatives	Anna Augusta Von Helmholtz-Phelan (grand-niece)
Awards	ForMemRS (1860); Matteucci Medal (1868); Croonian Medal (1864); Copley Medal (1873); Pour le Mérite (1873); Faraday Lectureship Prize (1881); Albert Medal (1888);
	Scientific career
Fields	Physics; Physiology; Psychology;
Institutions	University of Königsberg; University of Bonn; University of Heidelberg; University of Berlin;
Thesis	De fabrica systematis nervosi evertebratorum (1842)
Doctoral advisor	Johannes Peter Müller
Doctoral students	Albert A. Michelson; Wilhelm Wien; Max Planck; Heinrich Hertz; Gabriel Lippmann; Loránd Eötvös; Otto Lummer; Michael I. Pupin; Friedrich Schottky; Arthur Gordon Webster;
Other notable students	Émile Boutroux; Johannes von Kries; Edward Nichols; Henry Augustus Rowland; Wilhelm Wundt;

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894) was a German physicist and physician who made significant contributions in several scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability. The Helmholtz Association, the largest German association of research institutions, is named in his honor.

In the fields of physiology and psychology, Helmholtz is known for his mathematics concerning the eye, theories of vision, ideas on the visual perception of space, color vision research, the sensation of tone, perceptions of sound, and empiricism in the physiology of perception. In physics, he is known for his theories on the conservation of energy and on the electrical double layer, work in electrodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, and on a mechanical foundation of thermodynamics. As a philosopher, he is known for his philosophy of science, ideas on the relation between the laws of perception and the laws of nature, the science of aesthetics, and ideas on the civilizing power of science.

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