Ma-i

Ma-i, or Maidh (also spelled Ma'I, Mai, Ma-yi or Mayi; Baybayin: ᜋᜁ; Hanunoo: ᜫᜡ; Hokkien Chinese: 麻逸; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mâ-i̍t; Mandarin Chinese: 麻逸; pinyin: máyì; Wade–Giles: ma2-i4), was an ancient sovereign state located in what is now the Philippines.

Ma-i
Mait
before 971 AD–after 1339 AD
(last historical reference)
StatusSovereign state which conducted trade with Brunei, and with the Song and Yuan dynasties
CapitalUnder debate
Possibilities include Bulalacao, on the island of Mindoro, and Bay, Laguna
GovernmentBarangay state
History 
 Established
before 971 AD
 Mentioned in a Song dynasty list of states conducting trade in the south seas
971 AD
 Noted by Song dynasty records as having brought trade goods to the southern Chinese coast
982 AD
 Described in detail in an account of countries conducting trade with the Yuan dynasty
1339 AD
 Disestablished
after 1339 AD
(last historical reference)
CurrencyBarter ("caldrons, pieces of iron, red cloth or taffetas of various color stripes, ivory, and "tint or the like"")
Succeeded by
Captaincy General of the Philippines
Today part ofPhilippines
Ma-i
Traditional Chinese麻逸
Simplified Chinese麻逸

Its existence was first documented in 971 in the Song dynasty documents known as the History of Song, and it was also mentioned in the 10th-century records of the Bruneian Empire. Based on these and other mentions until the early 14th century, contemporary scholars believe Ma-i was located either in Bay, Laguna, or on the island of Mindoro.

Research by Fay Cooper Cole for the Field Museum in Chicago in 1912 showed that the ancient name of Mindoro was Mait. Mindoro's indigenous groups are called Mangyans, and to this day, the Mangyans call the lowlands of Bulalacao in Oriental Mindoro Mait. For most of the 20th century, historians generally accepted the idea that Mindoro was the political center of the ancient Philippine polity.:119 However, a 2005 study by Filipino-Chinese historian Go Bon Juan suggested that the historical descriptions better match Bay, Laguna (pronounced Ba-i), which is written similarly to Ma-i in "Chinese orthography". According to Go Bon Juan's understanding,:119 in Hokkien Chinese, the literary reading for the first character, , is "mâ", while the vernacular reading could also be pronounced and read as "bâ" or "môa" but the second character, , has the literary reading of "i̍t", while a vernacular reading of "ia̍k" (Quanzhou) or "e̍k" (Amoy & Zhangzhou) or "ia̍t" (Amoy).

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