I2C is a two-wire serial bus. It is used to interface with low-speed peripherals in embedded systems and computer motherboards.
Use this tag when asking questions concerning the I2C bus or SMBus, which is a more strictly defined subset of I2C.
Devices you can communicate with using I2C might include the temperature and voltage sensors on your motherboard. In embedded systems, a vast amount of devices ranging from memory chips to camera modules use I2C for control and data transfer.
I2C bus consists of two signals: SCL and SDA. SCL is the clock signal, and SDA is the data signal.
The clock signal is always generated by the current bus master; some slave devices may force the clock low at times to delay the master sending more data (or to require more time to prepare data before the master attempts to clock it out). The common clock frequency of I2C bus is 100KHz (100Kbps) and 400KHz (400 Kbps). There are high speed versions with clock frequency at or greater than 1MHz (1Mbps) available which is product specific by the semiconductor manufacturers.
The bus is a multi-master bus, which means that any number of master nodes can be present. Additionally, master and slave roles may be changed between messages (after a STOP is sent).
At any given time only the master will be able to initiate the communication. Since there is more than one slave in the bus, the master has to refer to each slave using a different address. When addressed only the slave with that particular address will reply back with the information while the others keep quit. This way we can use the same bus to communicate with multiple devices.
The voltage levels of I2C are not predefined. I2C communication is flexible, means the device which is powered by 5v volt, can use 5v for I2C and the 3.3v devices can use 3v for I2C communication. A 5V I2C bus can’t be connected with 3.3V device. In this case voltage shifters are used to match the voltage levels between two I2C buses.
There are some set of conditions which frame a transaction. Initialization of transmission begins with a falling edge of SDA, which is defined as ‘START’ condition in below diagram where master leaves SCL high while setting SDA low. After this all devices on the same bus go into listening mode.
In the same manner, rising edge of SDA stops the transmission which is shown as ‘STOP’ condition in above diagram, where the master leaves SCL high and also releases SDA to go HIGH. So rising edge of SDA stops the transmission.
With I2C, data is transferred in messages. Messages are broken up into frames of data. Each message has an address frame that contains the binary address of the slave, and one or more data frames that contain the data being transmitted. The message also includes start and stop conditions, read/write bits, and ACK/NACK bits between each data frame:
Address Frame: A 7 or 10 bit sequence unique to each slave that identifies the slave when the master wants to talk to it.
Read/Write Bit: A single bit specifying whether the master is sending data to the slave (low voltage level) or requesting data from it (high voltage level).
ACK/NACK Bit: Each frame in a message is followed by an acknowledge/no-acknowledge bit. If an address frame or data frame was successfully received, an ACK bit is returned to the sender from the receiving device.
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