There are a few concepts to clear up based on the other comments. All I2C devices ONLY support 7-bit (8 with the read/write) and 10-bit Slave Addressing. This, however, was not the concept asked about in the topic.
I2C, per the protocol specifications, reads/writes in sets of 8-bits followed by an Acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) from the device receiving the data. How the device interprets the bits read/written to it can vary greatly from device to device.
From my personal experience, I have found that often a larger register address -- such as 0x1234 -- simply means that you need to read/write from registers 0x12 and 0x34. Both registers will hold 8-bits of information which together form the actual 16-bit word referenced by the hexadecimal 0x1234.
As I mentioned though, this can vary per device. You will likely need to read through the Data Sheets/Manuals for your specific I2C device for more information on its register addressing to ensure you read/write from the right registers and assemble the individual 8-bits into the correct order to extract the corresponding 16-bit word.