Helmholtz theorem (classical mechanics)

The Helmholtz theorem of classical mechanics reads as follows:

Let

be the Hamiltonian of a one-dimensional system, where

is the kinetic energy and

is a "U-shaped" potential energy profile which depends on a parameter ${\displaystyle V}$.

Let ${\displaystyle \left\langle \cdot \right\rangle _{t}}$ denote the time average. Let

• ${\displaystyle E=K+\varphi ,}$
• ${\displaystyle T=2\left\langle K\right\rangle _{t},}$
• ${\displaystyle P=\left\langle -{\frac {\partial \varphi }{\partial V}}\right\rangle _{t},}$
• ${\displaystyle S(E,V)=\log \oint {\sqrt {2m\left(E-\varphi \left(x,V\right)\right)}}\,dx.}$

Then