Diclofenac


Diclofenac (pronounced /daɪˈkloʊfənæk/ or /dɪklɒˈfɛnæk/), sold under the brand name Voltaren, among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammatory diseases such as gout. It is taken by mouth or rectally in a suppository, used by injection, or applied to the skin. Improvements in pain last for as much as eight hours. It is also available in combination with misoprostol in an effort to decrease stomach problems.

"Diclo" redirects here. For the organic solvent sometimes called Di-clo, see Dichloromethane.
"Dichronic" redirects here. For common misspellings, see Diachronic (disambiguation).

Diclofenac
Clinical data
Trade namesCataflam, Voltaren, Zipsor, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa689002
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
Routes of
administration		By mouth, rectal, intramuscular, intravenous, topical
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only) / S3 / S2
  • UK: POM (Prescription only) / P / GSL
  • US: WARNINGRx-only / OTC
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein bindingMore than 99%
MetabolismLiver, oxidative, primarily by CYP2C9, also by CYP2C8, CYP3A4, as well as conjugative by glucuronidation (UGT2B7) and sulfation; no active metabolites exist
Onset of actionWithin 4 hours (gel), 30 min (non-gel)
Elimination half-life1.2–2 h (35% of the drug enters enterohepatic recirculation)
Excretion35% bile, 65% urine
Identifiers
  • [2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.035.755
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC14H11Cl2NO2
Molar mass296.15 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(O)Cc1ccccc1Nc2c(Cl)cccc2Cl
  • InChI=1S/C14H11Cl2NO2/c15-10-5-3-6-11(16)14(10)17-12-7-2-1-4-9(12)8-13(18)19/h1-7,17H,8H2,(H,18,19) Y
  • Key:DCOPUUMXTXDBNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Common side effects include abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, nausea, dizziness, headache, and swelling. Serious side effects may include heart disease, stroke, kidney problems, and stomach ulceration. Use is not recommended in the third trimester of pregnancy. It is likely safe during breastfeeding. Diclofenac is believed to work by decreasing the production of prostaglandins, like other drugs in this class.

Diclofenac was patented in 1965 by J.R. Geigy AG; it came into medical use in the United States in 1988. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 61st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 11 million prescriptions. It is available as its acid or in two salts, as either diclofenac sodium or potassium. It is also widely used for livestock; such use was responsible for the Indian vulture crisis, during which in a few years 95% of the country's vulture population was killed, and in many countries agricultural use is now forbidden.

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