Some factors that might be involved:
- Soil quality and depth - lawn soil can vary in quality from patch to patch unless it is infinitely carefully prepared as on golf greens for example. A bit too much sand here and there can make a big difference. The presence of bedrock close to the surface might also affect moisture holding capacity
- Grass species/variety - over time, the mix of grasses in any area can change according to conditions. Some species are more vulnerable to adverse conditions and may be encouraged one year only to die out the next
- Road operations - the soil close to the road seems to be affected more than the background of the picture. Do you think that salt might be an issue?
So what to do? Take a thin steel rod and push (or tap with a medium weighted hammer) it into the soil to get a feel for how easily the rod goes in at various points. If the soil is sandy it will be easy; compare the bare areas to the grassy. If bedrock or large stones are close to the surface you will hit/feel it. Talk to the snowplow driver. Maybe overseed with a known grass species similar to that which is doing well in that location - if it is hard to identify let a patch grow up so that you have more information.