Standard gravitational parameter
In celestial mechanics, the standard gravitational parameter μ of a celestial body is the product of the gravitational constant G and the total mass M of the bodies. For two bodies, the parameter may be expressed as G(m1 + m2), or as GM when one body is much larger than the other:
| Body | μ [m3 s−2] | |
|---|---|---|
| Sun | 1.32712440018(9) | × 1020 |
| Mercury | 2.2032(9) | × 1013 |
| Venus | 3.24859(9) | × 1014 |
| Earth | 3.986004418(8) | × 1014 |
| Moon | 4.9048695(9) | × 1012 |
| Mars | 4.282837(2) | × 1013 |
| Ceres | 6.26325 | × 1010 |
| Jupiter | 1.26686534(9) | × 1017 |
| Saturn | 3.7931187(9) | × 1016 |
| Uranus | 5.793939(9) | × 1015 |
| Neptune | 6.836529(9) | × 1015 |
| Pluto | 8.71(9) | × 1011 |
| Eris | 1.108(9) | × 1012 |
For several objects in the Solar System, the value of μ is known to greater accuracy than either G or M. The SI unit of the standard gravitational parameter is m3⋅s−2. However, the unit km3⋅s−2 is frequently used in the scientific literature and in spacecraft navigation.
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