Saturn V

The Saturn V is a retired American super heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by NASA under the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon. The rocket was human-rated, had three stages, and was powered with liquid fuel. Flown from 1967 to 1973, it was used for nine crewed flights to the Moon, and to launch Skylab, the first American space station.

Saturn V
The launch of Apollo 11 on Saturn V SA-506, July 16, 1969
Function
Manufacturer
Country of originUnited States
Project cost$6.417 billion in 1964–1973 dollars (~$49.9 billion in 2020 dollars)
Cost per launch$185 million in 1969–1971 dollars ($1.23 billion in 2019 value).
Size
Height110.6 m (363.0 ft)
Diameter10.1 m (33.0 ft)
Mass2,822,000 kg (6,221,000 lb) to 2,965,000 kg (6,537,000 lb)
Stages3
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Altitude170 km (90 nmi)
Orbital inclination30°
Mass141,136 kg (311,152 lb)
Payload to TLI
Mass52,759 kg (116,314 lb)
Associated rockets
FamilySaturn
Derivative workSaturn INT-21
Comparable
Launch history
StatusRetired
Launch sitesLC-39, Kennedy Space Center
Total launches13
Success(es)12
Failure(s)0
Partial failure(s)1 (Apollo 6)
First flightNovember 9, 1967 (AS-501 Apollo 4)
Last flightMay 14, 1973 (AS-513 Skylab)
Stage info
First stage – S-IC
Height42.1 m (138.0 ft)
Diameter10.1 m (33.0 ft)
Empty mass137,000 kg (303,000 lb)
Gross mass2,214,000 kg (4,881,000 lb)
Powered by5 Rocketdyne F-1
Maximum thrust34,500 kN (7,750,000 lbf) sea level
Specific impulse263 seconds (2.58 km/s) sea level
Burn time168 seconds
PropellantRP-1 / LOX
Second stage – S-II
Height24.8 m (81.5 ft)
Diameter10.1 m (33.0 ft)
Empty mass40,100 kg (88,400 lb)
Gross mass496,200 kg (1,093,900 lb)
Powered by5 Rocketdyne J-2
Maximum thrust5,141 kN (1,155,800 lbf) vacuum
Specific impulse421 seconds (4.13 km/s) vacuum
Burn time360 seconds
PropellantLH2 / LOX
Third stage – S-IVB (Not present in Skylab configuration)
Height18.8 m (61.6 ft)
Diameter6.6 m (21.7 ft)
Empty mass15,200 kg (33,600 lb)
Gross mass123,000 kg (271,000 lb)
Powered by1 Rocketdyne J-2
Maximum thrust1,033.1 kN (232,250 lbf) vacuum
Specific impulse421 seconds (4.13 km/s) vacuum
Burn time165 + 335 seconds (2 burns)
PropellantLH2 / LOX

As of 2024, the Saturn V remains the only launch vehicle to have carried humans beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). Saturn V holds records for the heaviest payload launched and largest payload capacity to low Earth orbit: 311,152 lb (141,136 kg), which included the third stage and unburned propellant needed to send the Apollo command and service module and Lunar Module to the Moon.

The largest production model of the Saturn family of rockets, the Saturn V was designed under the direction of Wernher von Braun at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama; the lead contractors were Boeing, North American Aviation, Douglas Aircraft Company, and IBM. A total of 15 flight-capable vehicles were built, plus three for ground testing. Thirteen were launched from Kennedy Space Center with no loss of crew or payload. A total of 24 astronauts were launched to the Moon from Apollo 8 (December 1968) to Apollo 17 (December 1972).

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