Nine familial exterminations
The nine familial exterminations, nine kinship exterminations, or execution of nine relations, also known by the names zuzhu ("family execution") and miezu ("family extermination"), was the most severe punishment for a capital offense in premodern China, Korea, and Vietnam. A collective form of kin punishment typically associated with offenses such as treason, the punishment involved the execution of all relatives of an individual, which were categorized into nine groups. Nine exterminations were often done by slow slicing. The occurrence of this punishment was somewhat rare, with relatively few sentences recorded throughout history.
| Nine familial exterminations | |||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 誅連九族 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 诛连九族 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | guilt by association of nine of a group/clan | ||||||||
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| Family execution | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 族誅 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 族诛 | ||||||||
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| Family extermination | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 滅族 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 灭族 | ||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | tru di tộc tru | ||||||||
| Chữ Hán | 誅夷 族誅 | ||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul | 족주 | ||||||||
| Hanja | 族誅 | ||||||||
| Japanese name | |||||||||
| Kanji | 族誅 | ||||||||
| Hiragana | ぞくちゅう | ||||||||
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