Modafinil

Modafinil
Clinical data
Trade names	Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil, others
Other names	CRL-40476; Diphenylmethyl-sulfinylacetamide
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a602016
License data	US DailyMed: Modafinil;
Pregnancy; category	AU: D;
Dependence; liability	Relatively low
Addiction; liability	Low
Routes of; administration	By mouth
Drug class	CNS stimulant; eugeroic
ATC code	N06BA07 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only); BR: Class B1 (Psychoactive drugs); CA: ℞-only; UK: POM (Prescription only); US: WARNINGSchedule IV;
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	62.3%
Metabolism	Liver (primarily via amide hydrolysis); CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 involved
Elimination half-life	12–15 h (modafinil, the racemic mixture),; 15 h (armodafinil, the (R)-enantiomer),; 4 h (esmodafinil, the (S)-enantiomer).
Excretion	Urine (80%)
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 2-(diphenylmethanesulfinyl)acetamide;
CAS Number	68693-11-8 ;
PubChem CID	4236;
IUPHAR/BPS	7555;
DrugBank	DB00745 ;
ChemSpider	4088 ;
UNII	R3UK8X3U3D;
KEGG	D01832 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:31859 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1373 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0023329 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.168.719
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C15H15NO2S
Molar mass	273.35 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES O=S(C(c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2)CC(=O)N;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H15NO2S/c16-14(17)11-19(18)15(12-7-3-1-4-8-12)13-9-5-2-6-10-13/h1-10,15H,11H2,(H2,16,17) ; Key:YFGHCGITMMYXAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	(verify)

Modafinil, sold under the brand name Provigil among others, is a wakefulness-promoting medication used primarily to treat narcolepsy. Modafinil is also approved for stimulating wakefulness in people with sleep apnea and shift work sleep disorder. It is taken by mouth. Modafinil is subject to regulatory controls and age limits in some countries.

Modafinil has potential for causing severe allergic reactions, mental (psychiatric) effects, hypersensitivity, adverse interactions with prescription drugs, and misuse or abuse. Modafinil may harm the fetus.

While modafinil is used as a cognitive enhancer or "smart drug" among healthy individuals seeking improved focus and productivity, its use outside medical supervision raises concerns regarding potential misuse or abuse. Research on the cognitive enhancement effects of modafinil in non-sleep-deprived individuals has yielded mixed results, with some studies suggesting modest improvements in attention and executive functions, while others show no significant benefits or even a decline in cognitive functions.

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