History of Mexican Americans

Mexican American history, or the history of American residents of Mexican descent, largely begins after the annexation of Northern Mexico in 1848, when the nearly 80,000 Mexican citizens of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico became U.S. citizens. Large-scale migration increased the U.S.' Mexican population during the 1910s, as refugees fled the economic devastation and violence of Mexico's high-casualty revolution and civil war. Until the mid-20th century, most Mexican Americans lived within a few hundred miles of the border, although some resettled along rail lines from the Southwest into the Midwest.

Left-right from top: first female Mexican American author in English María Ruiz de Burton, 1887 picture of the initial boundary marking the U.S.-Mexico border, Texas Rangers during the 1910-1920 La Matanza, 1877 lynching of two Mexican-American men in California, civil rights leader Cesar Chavez, the Mexican Repatriation, the Great American Boycott, first Mexican American to run for President Ben Fernandez

History of Chicanos and Mexican Americans
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Early-American period Josefa Segovia Las Gorras Blancas Mexican–American War Mutualista San Elizario Salt War Sonoratown Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Juan Crow 1913 El Paso smelters' strike 1917 Bath riots Bisbee Deportation Bloody Christmas Bracero program Cantaloupe strike of 1928 California agricultural strikes Citrus Strike of 1936 La Matanza Mexican Repatriation Operation Wetback Plan de San Diego Porvenir Massacre Sleepy Lagoon trial Zoot Suit Riots
Chicano Movement Aztlán Black-brown unity Brown Berets Católicos por La Raza Chicanismo Chicano Moratorium Colegio César Chávez CFMN Conferencia de Mujeres CRP East L.A. walkouts Hijas de Cuauhtémoc Huelga schools Land grant struggle Las Adelitas de Aztlán Los Siete de la Raza Los Seis de Boulder MANA MAYO MEChA Occupation of Catalina Island PCUN Plan Espiritual de Aztlán Plan de Santa Bárbara Quinto Sol Raza Unida Party United Farm Workers
Post-Chicano Movement 1985–1987 cannery strike 1992 Drywall Strike 2019 El Paso shooting Abolish ICE Arizona SB 1070 Castro 2020 DACA Great American Boycott IRCA Farah strike Justice for Janitors Murder of Selena Proposition 187 Xicanx
Supreme Court cases Botiller v. Dominguez Hernandez v. Texas San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce Plyler v. Doe Medellín v. Texas Flores-Figueroa v. U.S. Leal Garcia v. Texas Mendez v. Westminster Bernal v. Fainter DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
by region Arizona (Tucson) California (Los Angeles) Michigan (Detroit) Texas Dallas–Fort Worth Houston
United States portal

Hispanic and Latino Americans
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National origin groups Argentine Americans Bolivian Americans Brazilian Americans Chilean Americans Colombian Americans Costa Rican Americans Cuban Americans Dominican Americans Ecuadorian Americans Guatemalan Americans Honduran Americans Mexican Americans Nicaraguan Americans Panamanian Americans Paraguayan Americans Peruvian Americans Stateside Puerto Ricans Salvadoran Americans Spanish Americans Uruguayan Americans Venezuelan Americans
History Americans by ancestry Cuban Hispanic Isleños of Louisiana Mexican Puerto Ricans
Political movements Chicano Movement Latino American politics
Organizations Association of Hispanic Arts Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference LULAC MALDEF MEChA NALEO NALFO National Council of La Raza National Hispanic Institute RNHA SHPE UFW USHCC
Culture Literature Music Poetry Religion Studies
Languages English Spanish Cuban Isleño Mexican New Mexican Puerto Rican United States Spanish Spanglish Portuguese Indigenous languages of Latin America
Ethnic groups Californio Chicano Isleño Nuevomexicano Puerto Ricans Nuyorican Tejano Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans Black Hispanic and Latino Americans White Hispanic and Latino Americans
Lists Communities with Latino majority Latino Americans Puerto Rico

Timeline and periods

Prehistoric and Pre-Columbian Era	until 1607
Colonial Era	1607–1765
1776–1789
American Revolution	1765–1783
Confederation Period	1783–1788
1789–1849
Federalist Era	1788–1801
Jeffersonian Era	1801–1817
Era of Good Feelings	1817–1825
Jacksonian Era	1825–1849
1849–1865
Civil War Era	1849–1865
1865–1917
Reconstruction Era	1865–1877
Gilded Age	1877–1896
Progressive Era	1896–1917
1917–1945
World War I	1917–1918
Roaring Twenties	1918–1929
Great Depression	1929–1941
World War II	1941–1945
1945–1964
Post-World War II Era	1945–1964
Civil Rights Era	1954–1968
1964–1980
Civil Rights Era	1954–1968
Vietnam War	1964–1975
1980–1991
Reagan Era	1981–1991
1991–2008
Post-Cold War Era	1991–2008
2008–present
Modern Era	2008–present

Places

Territorial evolution
Admission to the Union Historic regions American frontier Manifest destiny Indian removal
Regions
New England The South The West Coast
States
AL AL AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY
Territories
DC AS GU MP PR VI
Cities
Urban history Cities

With the border being established many Mexicans began to find more creative ways to get across. In the article Artificial Intelligence and Predicting Illegal Immigration to the USA the statistic that "more than half of undocumented immigrants in the USA enter the USA legally and overstay their visas" (Yektansani). This happened all throughout the timeline.

In the second half of the 20th century, Mexican Americans diffused throughout the U.S., especially into the Midwest and Southeast, though the groups' largest population centers remain in California and Texas. During this period, Mexican-Americans campaigned for voting rights, educational and employment equity, ethnic equality, and economic and social advancement.

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