Angolan War of Independence
The Angolan War of Independence (Portuguese: Guerra de Independência de Angola; 1961–1974), known as the Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional ("Armed Struggle of National Liberation") in Angola, began as an uprising against forced cultivation of cotton and evolved into a multi-faction struggle for control of Portugal's overseas province of Angola among three nationalist movements and a separatist movement. The war ended when a leftist military coup in Lisbon in April 1974 overthrew Portugal's Estado Novo dictatorship and the new regime immediately stopped all military action in the African colonies, declaring its intention to grant them independence without delay.
| Angolan War of Independence | |||||||||
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| Part of the Portuguese Colonial War, the Decolonization of Africa and the Cold War | |||||||||
Portuguese troops on patrol in Angola | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
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Material support: FLEC RDL |
Material support: | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Agostinho Neto Lúcio Lara Holden Roberto Jonas Savimbi |
António de Oliveira Salazar Francisco da Costa Gomes Marcello Caetano | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 32,000 | 65,000 | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| ~10,000 killed |
2,991 killed 4,684 with permanent deficiency (physical and/or psychological) | ||||||||
| History of Angola | ||||||||||||||||
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| Post-war Angola’s | ||||||||||||||||
| See also | ||||||||||||||||
| Years in Angola | ||||||||||||||||
The conflict is usually approached as a branch or a theater of the wider Portuguese Overseas War, which also included the independence wars of Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique.
It was a guerrilla war in which the Portuguese army and security forces waged a counter-insurgency campaign against armed groups mostly dispersed across sparsely populated areas of the vast Angolan countryside. Many atrocities were committed by all forces involved in the conflict.
In Angola, after the Portuguese withdrew, an armed conflict broke out among the nationalist movements. The war formally came to an end in January 1975 when the Portuguese government, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) signed the Alvor Agreement. Informally, the civil war resumed by May 1975, including street fighting in Luanda and the surrounding countryside.