Second Arab Spring

Second Arab Spring
Second Arab Spring
Date	1 January 2018 – present
Location	Arab League countries in North Africa, Central Africa and Middle East (i.e. MENA)
Caused by	Authoritarianism; Energy crisis; Human rights violations; Inflation; Kleptocracy; Political corruption; Poor basic services; Poverty; Sectarianism (Lebanon and Iraq); State terrorism; Unemployment;
Goals	Democracy; Economic equality; Employment; Free elections; Human rights; Nationalism; Regime change; Secularism;
Methods	Civil resistance; Civil war; Demonstrations; Insurgency; Internet activism; Labor strike; Mutiny; Protests; Rebellion; Riots; Self-immolation;
Status	Full result by country Tunisia: Repeal of the 2018 budget; Sudan: President Omar al-Bashir ousted, arrested, charged, government overthrown. Transitional authority established.; Algeria: President Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigned, government overthrown. Presidential elections were delayed until December 2019. Abdelmadjid Tebboune elected as new president, Algerian politics still dominated by the military elite; Gaza,: Gaza economic protests. Protests were violently suppressed.; Jordan: Resignation of Hani Mulki's government, Omar Razzaz forms new government and controversial tax bill withdrawn for further discussion.; Iraq: Defeat in parliamentary elections of pro-Western Haider al-Abadi and election of pro-Iran government led by Adil Abdul-Mahdi. Abdul-Mahdi's government resigns in November 2019 following protests against Iran's growing influence in Iraqi politics. Mustafa Al-Kadhimi appointed as new prime minister. Early elections held in October 2021; Lebanon: Resignation of Prime Ministers Saad Hariri and Hassan Diab. Najib Mikati appointed as prime minister on 10 September 2021; Syria: Sacking of Prime Minister Imad Khamis.; ;

The Second Arab Spring is a series of anti-government protests which took place in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Sudan, Syria and Tunisia, with several starting in late 2018. Economic protests also took place in the Gaza Strip.

The deadliest incident of civil unrest in Iraq since the fall of Saddam Hussein resulted in its Prime Minister being replaced. Sustained civil disobedience in Sudan resulted in the overthrow of president Omar al-Bashir in a military coup d'état, the Khartoum massacre, and the transfer of power from a military junta to a combined military–civilian Sovereignty Council that is legally committed to a 39-month transition to democracy.

The alternative names "New Arab Spring" and "Arab Summer" refer as well to similarity with the preceding Arab Spring wave of pro-democracy protests which took place in 2010–2013. However, in this wave of protests "the similarities and differences suggest more an upgrading than a replay of the Arab Spring." The wider call for democracy and human rights was replaced by more day-to-day demands, on issues including excessive costs of living and high unemployment rates.

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