A scalar conservation law in 1-dimensional space is a 1st-order partial differential equation of the form: ut + f(u)x = 0 Here: u = u(t, x) is called the conserved quantity, where f is the flux. t is time, and x is the 1-dimensional space variable.
See, for example, Chapter 2 of http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Mathematical-Theory-Student-Library/dp/0821820397