As far as I am aware the only limitation in DBI is that the value is placed into a Perl scalar so it is what can be held in that. However, for DBDs it is totally different. I doubt many, if any databases support 20000 parameters. BTW, NUM_OF_PARAMS is readonly so I've no idea what you mean by "set the number to 20,000". I presume you just mean you create a SQL statement with 20000 parameters and then read NUM_OF_PARAMS and it gives you a negative value. If the latter I suggest you report (with an example) that on rt.cpan.org as it does not sound right at all.
I cannot imagine creating a SQL statement with 20000 parameters is going to be very efficient in any database. Far better to try and reduce that to a range or something like it if you can. In ODBC, 20000 parameters would mean 20000 IPDs and APDs and they are quite big structures. Since DB2 cli library is very like ODBC I would imagine you are going to eat up loads of memory.