When I use qemu to boot my VM with official kernel image and initrd dowmloaded from ubuntu official webset, it works well, but when I build the kernel from source, and replace the kernel image with my own built one (the initrd was still the official one), the OS can still boot, but cloud-init can't set the user's password correctly. so I can't login to my OS anymore.
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How did you generate a correct config? – stark Aug 18 '23 at 14:03
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This is not a problem with cloud-init obviously, but to get started debugging you might compare /var/log/cloud-init.log
between the working and non-working kernels.
If you are running cloud-init multiple times on the same system, don't forget that a cloud-init clean --logs
is required to get cloud-init to rerun fully since cloud-init doesn't run all module every boot.

Brett Holman
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