As Enrique said you can increase the size but can't decrease the size.
resource "google_compute_disk" "test-np5-data1" {
project = <project_id>
name = "disk"
type = "pd-standard"
zone = "us-central1-a"
size = 30
}
So if you are looking to increase the disk you can definitely do it with terraform also.
After increasing the size of the disk you might need to grow the filesystem for nodes
Ref : https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/resize-persistent-disk#resize_partitions
So you can use the exec or remote-exec in terraform and SSH to GKE nodes and grow the Disk partitions.
Update :
Based on your update you are updating the disk size and machine type also so i would recommend using the lifecycle
to create first and before deleting.
lifecycle {
create_before_destroy = true
}
Dont forget to cordon and drain the node while migrating if running multiple replicas and distributed properly it would be fine.