I tried in my environment and got below results:
Initially, I created ADLS gen2
container with public access level set to container level.
Portal:

When I try to access the file through browser, I got same error.
Browser:

When we are accessing through file system, Files kept in storage system are not accessible anonymously. It is necessary to authorize access even if it is public Access level. You are getting this error because you are attempting to access the resource without authorization.
If you need to access files, you need to authorize with SAS token.
I tried with File URL + SAS token
in the browser. I can be able to access the file.
You can get SAS-token by clicking file with generate SAS token.

Browser:

If you need access path of data lake gen 2 in C#, you use the StorageSharedKeyCredential
method by this link:
string storageAccountName = StorageAccountName;
string storageAccountKey = StorageAccountKey;
Uri serviceUri = StorageAccountUri;
StorageSharedKeyCredential sharedKeyCredential = new StorageSharedKeyCredential(storageAccountName, storageAccountKey);
DataLakeServiceClient serviceClient = new DataLakeServiceClient(serviceUri, sharedKeyCredential);
DataLakeFileSystemClient filesystem = serviceClient.GetFileSystemClient(Randomize("sample-filesystem-list"));
List<string> names = new List<string>();
foreach (PathItem pathItem in filesystem.GetPaths())
{
names.Add(pathItem.Name);
}
Reference:
java - How to get list of child files/directories having parent DataLakeDirectoryClient class instance - Stack Overflow in java by Jim Xu.