The easiest way to do this would be to deploy an azure function that includes your exe - gets the input parameters, calls the exe, get the output and write it to blob storage which can then be read from ADF.
It isn't too much work but the key part is getting the exe to run somewhere and a function is the simplest I think.
To draw out the process it would look something like:
- ADF Copies the file from the source, writes it to blob storage
- Call the Azure Function and pass in the path to the new file
- The function downloads the file locally, calls the exe passing in the local file path
- The exe reads the input, writes the output file locally to the function
- The function reads the output file, writes it back to blob storage
- The function returns the path to the output file in blob storage
Ed