I've encountered the error below while attempting to install the convex optimization library CVXPY. I previously encountered this (distinct) error, and was able to rectify it by updating my pip installation with python -m pip install --upgrade pip.
Building wheels for collected packages: cvxpy
Building wheel for cvxpy (pyproject.toml) ... error
error: subprocess-exited-with-error
× Building wheel for cvxpy (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> [551 lines of output]
<string>:225: ResourceWarning: unclosed file <_io.TextIOWrapper name='READ ME.md' mode='r' encoding='UTF-8'>
ResourceWarning: Enable tracemalloc to get the object allocation traceback
running bdist_wheel
running build
running build_py
creating build
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-39-pydebug
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-39-pydebug/cvxpy
copying cvxpy/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-39-pydebug/cvx py
...
running build_ext
building '_cvxcore' extension
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-39-pydebug
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-39-pydebug/cvxpy
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-39-pydebug/cvxpy/cvxcore
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-39-pydebug/cvxpy/cvxcore/python
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-39-pydebug/cvxpy/cvxcore/src
gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -g -Og -Wall -fPIC -Icvxpy/ cvxcore/src/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/python/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/include/ -I/cvmfs/ara.opens ciencegrid.org/trunk/centos7/misc_build/include/python3.9d -I/tmp/pip-build-env- vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core/include -c cvxpy/cvxcore /python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-39-pydebug/cvxpy/cvx core/python/cvxcore_wrap.o -O3 -std=c++11 -Wall -pedantic -Wextra -Wno-unused-pa rameter
In file included from /tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/si te-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1822:0,
from /tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/si te-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:12,
from /tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/si te-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4,
from cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:2846:
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:17:2: warning: #warning is a GCC extensi on [enabled by default]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with " \
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:17:2: warning: #warning "Using deprecate d NumPy API, disable it with " "#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSIO N" [-Wcpp]
In file included from /tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/si te-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:21:0,
from /tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/si te-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4,
from cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:2846:
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h: In function ‘int _import_array()’:
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:640:23: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betwe en pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[0])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1492:22: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_ GetNDArrayCVersion’
if (NPY_VERSION != PyArray_GetNDArrayCVersion()) {
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:640:23: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betwe en pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[0])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1495:39: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_ GetNDArrayCVersion’
(int) NPY_VERSION, (int) PyArray_GetNDArrayCVersion());
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1195:25: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betw een pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[211])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1498:29: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_ GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion’
if (NPY_FEATURE_VERSION > PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion()) {
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1195:25: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betw een pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[211])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1501:47: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_ GetNDArrayCFeatureVersion’
(int) NPY_FEATURE_VERSION, (int) PyArray_GetNDArrayCFeatureV ersion());
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1192:25: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betw een pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[210])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1509:8: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_G etEndianness’
st = PyArray_GetEndianness();
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx: In function ‘int type_match(int, in t)’:
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1135:25: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betw een pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[191])
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:3443:12: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_EquivTypenums’
return PyArray_EquivTypenums(actual_type, desired_type);
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx: In function ‘PyArrayObject* obj_to_ array_no_conversion(PyObject*, int)’:
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1135:25: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betw een pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[191])
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:3455:29: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_EquivTypenums’
PyArray_EquivTypenums(array_type(input), type code)))
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx: In function ‘PyArrayObject* obj_to_ array_allow_conversion(PyObject*, int, int*)’:
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:1135:25: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betw een pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[191])
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:3491:29: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_EquivTypenums’
PyArray_EquivTypenums(array_type(input),typec ode)))
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:769:24: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betwe en pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[69])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:89:9: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_FromAn y’
PyArray_FromAny(m, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), min, max, \
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:3498:16: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_FROMANY’
py_obj = PyArray_FROMANY(input, typecode, 0, 0, NPY_DEFAULT);
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:697:24: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betwe en pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[45])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:89:28: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_Descr FromType’
PyArray_FromAny(m, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), min, max, \
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:3498:16: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_FROMANY’
py_obj = PyArray_FROMANY(input, typecode, 0, 0, NPY_DEFAULT);
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx: In function ‘PyArrayObject* make_co ntiguous(PyArrayObject*, int*, int, int)’:
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:769:24: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betwe en pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[69])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:188:9: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_FromA ny’
PyArray_FromAny(op, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), min_depth, \
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:3522:33: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_ContiguousFromObject’
result = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_ContiguousFromObject((PyObject*)a ry,
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:697:24: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betwe en pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[45])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:188:29: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_Desc rFromType’
PyArray_FromAny(op, PyArray_DescrFromType(type), min_depth, \
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:3522:33: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_ContiguousFromObject’
result = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_ContiguousFromObject((PyObject*)a ry,
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx: In function ‘PyArrayObject* make_fo rtran(PyArrayObject*, int*, int, int)’:
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:889:25: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betwe en pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[109])
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:3549:33: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_FromArray’
result = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_FromArray(ary, ary->descr, NPY_FO RTRAN);
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx: In function ‘PyObject* _wrap_Proble mData_getV(PyObject*, PyObject*)’:
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:841:24: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betwe en pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[93])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:118:9: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_New’
PyArray_New(&PyArray_Type, nd, dims, typenum, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, N ULL)
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:7967:14: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_SimpleNew’
array2 = PyArray_SimpleNew(1, dims, NPY_DOUBLE);
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx: In function ‘PyObject* _wrap_Proble mData_getI(PyObject*, PyObject*)’:
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:841:24: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betwe en pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[93])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:118:9: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_New’
PyArray_New(&PyArray_Type, nd, dims, typenum, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, N ULL)
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:8010:14: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_SimpleNew’
array2 = PyArray_SimpleNew(1, dims, NPY_DOUBLE);
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx: In function ‘PyObject* _wrap_Proble mData_getJ(PyObject*, PyObject*)’:
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/__multiarray_api.h:841:24: warning: ISO C++ forbids casting betwe en pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object [-Wpedantic]
PyArray_API[93])
^
/tmp/pip-build-env-vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core /include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:118:9: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_New’
PyArray_New(&PyArray_Type, nd, dims, typenum, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, N ULL)
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cxx:8053:14: note: in expansion of macro ‘PyArray_SimpleNew’
array2 = PyArray_SimpleNew(1, dims, NPY_DOUBLE);
^
gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -g -Og -Wall -fPIC -Icvxpy/ cvxcore/src/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/python/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/include/ -I/cvmfs/ara.opens ciencegrid.org/trunk/centos7/misc_build/include/python3.9d -I/tmp/pip-build-env- vp2obnop/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/core/include -c cvxpy/cvxcore /src/LinOpOperations.cpp -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-39-pydebug/cvxpy/cvx core/src/LinOpOperations.o -O3 -std=c++11 -Wall -pedantic -Wextra -Wno-unused-pa rameter
In file included from /usr/include/c++/4.8.2/cassert:43:0,
from cvxpy/cvxcore/src/LinOpOperations.cpp:18:
cvxpy/cvxcore/src/LinOpOperations.cpp: In function ‘Tensor get_kronl_mat(c onst LinOp&, int)’:
cvxpy/cvxcore/src/LinOpOperations.cpp:379:25: error: ‘IsRowMajor’ cannot b e used as a function
assert(!rh.IsRowMajor());
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/src/LinOpOperations.cpp: In function ‘Tensor get_vstack_mat( const LinOp&, int)’:
cvxpy/cvxcore/src/LinOpOperations.cpp:430:41: warning: comparison between signed and unsigned integer expressions [-Wsign-compare]
assert(arg_idx <= lin.get_args().size());
^
cvxpy/cvxcore/src/LinOpOperations.cpp: In function ‘Tensor get_hstack_mat( const LinOp&, int)’:
cvxpy/cvxcore/src/LinOpOperations.cpp:470:41: warning: comparison between signed and unsigned integer expressions [-Wsign-compare]
assert(arg_idx <= lin.get_args().size());
^
error: command '/usr/bin/gcc' failed with exit code 1
[end of output]
note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem wit h pip.
ERROR: Failed building wheel for cvxpy
Failed to build cvxpy
ERROR: Could not build wheels for cvxpy, which is required to install pyproject. toml-based projects
I've redacted some of the output (some copying ... lines), which I believe to be irrelevant. You can find the full output here.
It seems that pip is attempting to build from source using the .tar.gz file, and not one of the available whl files. I've attempted to download the manylinux wheel, and install it with pip instal XXX.whl, but get the error XXX.whl is not a supported wheel on this platform. The cluster is running CentOS 7 (Core).
Note that the target machine (an academic computing cluster) does not have Conda installed, and I am unable to install it. I'm attempting to run software which has a CVXPY dependency, and which requires access to data stored on this machine (which cannot be moved off of it). GCC is installed, fully functional, and exists at /usr/bin/gcc.
