Windows::Networking::Connectivity::NetworkInformation class is what you seek.
The GetInternetConnetionProfile method on this class returns a ConnectionProfile instance. On that object, you can invoke GetConnectionCost to get the NetworkCostType enum property. There's an event you can register a callback for when the user roams between networks so you know when to query it again.
If this property is "fixed" or "variable", you're on some sort of "metered network" connection where you might not want to have your app be conservative on network usage.
With that in mind, I believe the property that sets this bit simply a property of the network adapter. And maps to the user setting buried in Windows Settings:

I could be mistaken, but I'm not sure if there's any well known standard by which a network or ISP advertises the metered connection property dynamically in which Windows will pick it up. I think the OEM of the device sets this toggle switch when the machine is imaged.