You are hitting the 2 minute time limit. I do not believe there is a way to adjust the timeout, but you can filter:
Get-ADObject -Filter 'CN -like "*a*"'
Repeat a - z
That will give you everyone. You could probably come up with a more creative filter, but this is the answer.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/server/hh531527(v=ws.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN
From Microsoft:
Timeout Behavior
The following statements specify timeout conditions within the Active
Directory module and describe what can be done about a timeout them.
The default Active Directory module timeout for all operations is 2
minutes.
For search operation, the Active Directory module uses paging control
with a 2-minute timeout for each page search.
Note: Because a search may involve multiple server page requests the
overall search time may exceed 2 minutes.
A TimeoutException error indicates that a timeout has occurred.
For a search operation, you can choose to use a smaller page size, set
with the ResultPageSize parameter, if you are getting a TimeoutException
error.
If after trying these changes you are still getting a TimeoutException
error, consider optimizing your filter using the guidance in the
Optimizing Filters section of this topic.