JSON is simply a notation that happens to easily translate to Javascript objects. When JSON is reified in Javascript (evaluated), it turns into a Javascript object/associative array (depending on the JSON representing it).
I think the class of data structures that can be represented by JSON are just that: "data structures". For example, you could represent binary trees in JSON, or even lists and maps; these are specific data-structures in their own right, and the overall term for them is just "data structure".
Assuming that JSON could only represent one specific type of data structure (for example, only trees), then we could call the class of objects represented by JSON as just "trees". But JSON does more than that; it can represent different kinds of data structures, which is why it's probably just best to say "I have this JSON here and it represents the so-and-so data-structure".
I guess if you really boil it down, JSON represents a data-structure that is either a sequence or a structure that contains name-value pairs, where the values can be primitives (int
s, string
s, float
s, boolean
s, null
s, undefined
s), or name-value pairs or sequences.
Thinking about it a bit more, asking for the name of the class of data structure that could be represented by JSON is like asking for the name of the class of data structures that could be represented by XML. Both are abstract notations that can be reified into actual objects.
TL; DR; Just call it an object, or by its actual data-structure name. It's just like saying "XML Object". There's no general name for the class of structures represented by XML. XML can represent an object, just like JSON can represent an object.