ALTER TABLE populated_places
ALTER COLUMN geom TYPE geography(Point, 4326) USING ST_Transform(geom, 4326)
says:
ERROR: function st_transform(geography, integer) does not exist LINE 4: geom TYPE geography(Point, 4326) USING ST_Transform(geom, 4... ^ HINT: No function matches the given name and argument types. You might need to add explicit type casts. SQL state: 42883 Character: 89