Why are read-only nodes called read-only in the case of data store replication?

Question

I was going through the article, https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/patterns/cqrs which says, "If separate read and write databases are used, they must be kept in sync". One obvious benefit I can understand from having separate read replicas is that they can be scaled horizontally. However, I have some doubts:

1. It says, "Updating the database and publishing the event must occur in a single transaction". My understanding is that there is no guarantee that the updated data will be available immediately on the read-only nodes because it depends on when the event will be consumed by the read-only nodes. Did I get it correctly?
2. Data must be first written to read-only nodes before it can be read i.e. write operations are also performed on the read-only nodes. Why are they called read-only nodes? Is it because the write operations are performed on these nodes not directly by the data producer application; but rather by some serverless function (e.g. AWS Lambda or Azure Function) that picks up the event from the topic (e.g. Kafka topic) to which the write-only node has sent the event?
3. Is the data sharded across the read-only nodes or does every read-only node have the complete set of data?

Answer 1

All of these have "it depends"-like answers...

1. Yes, usually, although some implementations might choose to (try to) update read models transactionally with the update. With multiple nodes you're quickly forced to learn the CAP theorem, though, and so in many CQRS contexts, eventual consistency is just accepted as a feature, as the gains from tolerating it usually significantly outweigh the losses. I suspect the bit you quoted anyway refers to transactionally updating the write store with publishing the event. Even this can be difficult to achieve, and is one of the problems event sourcing seeks to solve.

2. Yes. It's trivially obvious - in this context - that data must be written before it can be read, but your apps as consumers of the data see them as read-only.

3. Both are valid outcomes. Usually this part is less an application concern and is more delegated to the capabilities of your chosen read-model infrastructure (Mongo, Cosmos, Dynamo, etc).