The answer to your first question is yes, since Conway's Game of Life is turing complete. That roughly means that cellular automata (particularly the Game of Life) can compute any function your PC can.
I am not familiar with the details of the proof but I would assume that it is based on some way of transforming a Turing machine into an instance of the Game of Life. If you can construct a Turing machine to solve the problem you can probably transform it into a cellular automaton using that technique.
I would recommend using a depth first search as the underlying algorithm since it is much simpler than Dijkstra's Algorithm and a cellular automaton is probably not an efficient way of solving the problem anyway.