Cohens_d error due to non-numeric vector...but where is it?

Question

I am getting the following error:

Error: Cannot compute effect size for a non-numeric vector.

When I try to calculate cohens_d (RStatix) in R Studio using this code:

> # Calculate (Cohen's D) effect size
> Cohen <- LST_Weather_dataset %>% 
+   group_by(Month, .add = FALSE) %>% 
+   cohens_d(
+     LST ~ TimePeriod, paired = TRUE
+     )

LST, Month and TimePeriod are all numeric:

> str(LST_Weather_dataset)
'data.frame':   456 obs. of  15 variables:
 $ Buffer        : int  100 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ...
 $ Date          : Date, format: "0006-10-20" ...
 $ LST           : num  1.7 1.38 2.66 3.81 3.2 ...
 $ Month         : num  10 10 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ...
 $ Year          : int  2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 ...
 $ JulianDay     : int  279 279 359 10 42 74 106 122 170 202 ...
 $ TimePeriod    : num  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
...

The error persists if I remove group_by.

What am I missing?

Edit

Data requested in comments:

> test <- dput(LST_Weather_dataset[1:300, c("Month", "LST", "TimePeriod")])
structure(list(Month = c(3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 
4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 
5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 
6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 
8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 
10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 
11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 
11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 
12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 
2, 2, 2, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 
9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 
10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 
11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 
12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12), LST = c(-0.2210116, -0.24720568, -0.26111535, 
-0.25316346, -0.30848301, -0.33180257, -0.27721127, -0.20766731, 
-0.14346835, -0.06433451, -0.02385345, -0.03473869, -0.0511723, 
-0.04610033, -0.03462484, -0.03734767, -0.04306532, -0.02964348, 
-0.01385088, -0.22618709, -0.2425393, -0.2541757, -0.25475207, 
-0.29917977, -0.36117768, -0.31852919, -0.28564376, -0.2359735, 
-0.12195752, -0.06586962, -0.05811313, -0.03766735, -0.02261001, 
-0.03555068, -0.05061729, -0.05351268, -0.02241539, -0.00981671, 
-0.22016505, -0.26550893, -0.29015481, -0.28068968, -0.3103153, 
-0.33183916, -0.2798485, -0.24933379, -0.23071591, -0.15598767, 
-0.0976511, -0.07922456, -0.06455107, -0.03039455, -0.00439505, 
-0.00427336, -0.01586557, -0.03632884, -0.02813621, -0.34759789, 
-0.40494336, -0.41258461, -0.38127643, -0.38749164, -0.43010968, 
-0.38592257, -0.31959701, -0.25699752, -0.17257249, -0.13109291, 
-0.11687805, -0.10309548, -0.0933909, -0.07803618, -0.06782885, 
-0.05547398, -0.02602688, -0.01469682, -0.16601023, -0.20167048, 
-0.18983419, -0.1591577, -0.15829101, -0.18991115, -0.15560403, 
-0.08758369, -0.0419441, 0.02094988, 0.06149603, 0.04233754, 
0.05957017, 0.08024451, 0.07646054, 0.05378477, 0.01491128, 0.02128012, 
0.01505348, -0.27509869, -0.29971987, -0.28898894, -0.26678469, 
-0.26546793, -0.2767395, -0.21621339, -0.13996242, -0.0772666, 
-0.01513719, 0.01099537, 0.00156385, 0.03741067, 0.05769562, 
0.05522714, 0.03726737, 0.00673056, -0.0086786, -0.00868214, 
-0.24094543, -0.27829062, -0.27762726, -0.26392197, -0.25151899, 
-0.2454435, -0.20808879, -0.15734442, -0.11566806, -0.07631076, 
-0.05374834, -0.06464258, -0.04748078, -0.04106418, -0.02877574, 
-0.04559453, -0.04936476, -0.03311713, -0.0184964, -0.161790125, 
-0.207325856, -0.202609595, -0.182737706, -0.176479067, -0.172051143, 
-0.115534666, -0.069043871, -0.045666582, -0.016103689, -0.0097142, 
-0.027125424, -0.031078945, -0.027668948, -0.038168329, -0.04902581, 
-0.049393072, -0.029093549, -0.016435892, -0.18777984, -0.22560193, 
-0.21353557, -0.19873006, -0.21000726, -0.19960744, -0.16449805, 
-0.12677822, -0.09319863, -0.05365756, -0.03196716, -0.03521089, 
-0.01844106, -0.01675121, -0.02673582, -0.0336761, -0.03909757, 
-0.02311188, -0.00841367, -0.06879569, -0.11193502, -0.11645102, 
-0.11313204, -0.1241938, -0.12764257, -0.09562478, -0.06360073, 
-0.03919549, -0.01310477, 0.00199091, -0.00299883, 0.00071001, 
-0.0009422, -0.01377567, -0.03184663, -0.0422166, -0.02251581, 
-0.00296154, -0.16582354, -0.19623703, -0.19219006, -0.16517101, 
-0.18704658, -0.15345162, -0.10262394, -0.08604339, -0.08749103, 
-0.06062491, -0.03485287, -0.0373792, -0.03525576, -0.04025037, 
-0.02994186, -0.03698465, -0.0445463, -0.03625804, -0.01916101, 
-0.32618398, -0.38494187, -0.37563704, -0.3362058, -0.33109373, 
-0.28774767, -0.23600731, -0.18341335, -0.14375045, -0.09224798, 
-0.06322383, -0.06435687, -0.04382372, -0.04243214, -0.04790463, 
-0.05992479, -0.05804111, -0.03623521, -0.01380783, 0.07521048, 
0.08923107, 0.04085175, 0.02369799, -0.01174092, -0.00924432, 
0.02309842, 0.03106341, 0.01589905, 0.02520586, 0.02755641, 0.01418465, 
0.03378753, 0.0356642, 0.03617703, 0.0236984, 0.01581965, 0.00092364, 
-0.00135577, -0.01808666, -0.02659894, -0.06659976, -0.07161127, 
-0.07336009, -0.05201086, -0.00927892, 0.02300103, 0.03837143, 
0.05036375, 0.06564468, 0.0600014, 0.06562315, 0.05419116, 0.04456497, 
0.01096535, -0.00228103, -0.00411322, -0.00017688, -0.06780171, 
-0.06119238, -0.07202179, -0.05932171, -0.09219981, -0.0933819, 
-0.0571732, -0.03830071, -0.02184744, 0.01698308, 0.02923943, 
0.01394951, 0.01748671, 0.01059124, -0.00520207, -0.02724512, 
-0.02908047, -0.01867358, -0.0086791, -0.02430298, -0.04431464, 
-0.0597082, -0.07027699, -0.09412717, -0.08051615, -0.04382819, 
-0.01872886, -0.00143456, 0.01274511, 0.02342804, 0.00065864, 
0.00322716, -0.00126722, -0.00821571), TimePeriod = structure(c(1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 
2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 
2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 
2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 
2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L), .Label = c("1", 
"2"), class = "factor")), row.names = c(NA, 300L), class = "data.frame")
> Cohen <- test %>% 
+ #  group_by(TimePeriod) %>%
+   cohens_d(
+     LST ~ Month, paired = FALSE
+     )
Error: Cannot compute effect size for a non-numeric vector.
>

`?cohens_d` (from rstatix) mentions that the group (RHS of formula) should be a factor — user20650, Jan 07 '22 at 14:54
I've tried using as.factor already - makes no difference where I use group_by or not - always get the error. — strangecharm, Jan 07 '22 at 14:59
... altough `cohens_d(mpg ~ cyl, data=mtcars)` works without cyl being a factor — user20650, Jan 07 '22 at 14:59
could you edit your question with enough of your data to reproduce the error please e.g. add `dput(LST_Weather_dataset[1:20, c("Month", "LST", "TimePeriod)])` (if that throws the same error) — user20650, Jan 07 '22 at 15:01
Edited question to add data - 1:300 to get second value of TimePeriod in the sample. — strangecharm, Jan 07 '22 at 15:09
Thank you for the update. This code runs without error for me . `packageVersion("rstatix")` == ` ‘0.7.0’` — user20650, Jan 07 '22 at 15:10
Argh! :) So I've reset my environment, started from scratch, and still get the error. How could I chase this down? I have RStatix 0.7.0., too. — strangecharm, Jan 07 '22 at 15:22
```> is.numeric(LST_Weather_dataset$LST) [1] TRUE > is.numeric(LST_Weather_dataset$TimePeriod) [1] FALSE > is.numeric(LST_Weather_dataset$Month) [1] TRUE``` ``` — strangecharm, Jan 07 '22 at 15:27
If I just load rstatix, the data, and call cohens_d in a completely new script it fails. — strangecharm, Jan 07 '22 at 15:35
good you found an answer strangecharm. It would still be good to chase down why this is happening.Can you try starting from a fresh R session e.g. don't load any previous workspaces or any other packages, then load only rstatix and run only the data and code in your edited question. I'm thinking there may be a clash somewhere — user20650, Jan 07 '22 at 16:53
With my limited experience with R that was what I was thinking, but I couldn't see where. That said, exploring the persistence of packages loaded this morning I've found out that I almost certainly didn't have a completely clean environment. I'll do what you suggest later on today. — strangecharm, Jan 08 '22 at 11:10
Cleared R Studio environment with ```rm(list = ls(envir = globalenv()), envir = globalenv()); if(!is.null(dev.list())) dev.off(); gc(); cat("\014")``` Loaded `rstatix`, and checked loaded packages with ```library(rstatix) (.packages())``` Test ran without errors. — strangecharm, Jan 08 '22 at 11:20
Going back to the original script, packages loaded when the error occurred are ```> (.packages()) [1] "ez" "forcats" "stringr" "dplyr" "purrr" "readr" "tidyr" "tibble" "tidyverse" "ggpubr" [11] "ggplot2" "rstatix" "stats" "graphics" "grDevices" "utils" "datasets" "methods" "base" ```. How do you go about finding the clash? Trial and error? I guess then flag it up on Github as a bug? — strangecharm, Jan 08 '22 at 11:26
rstatix imports a lot of packages; see https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rstatix/index.html so you would expect to see this list. These will in turn have dependencies. If you add the results of `sessionInfo()` to your question, I can compare package version numbers. (ps to open a fresh R session, you can use `R --vanilla` at the terminal but not sure how to do it using a gui. When you start R normally, you will get a message if loading a previous workspace. You can remove this by removing .Rdata and .rds files from your working directory. — user20650, Jan 08 '22 at 12:23
Thanks for the tips. I'll post the `sessionInfo()` in the morning. — strangecharm, Jan 08 '22 at 20:57
Not sure - I can't remember if I previously used the sample or the whole dataset. I'll go back and look tomorrow (maybe Wednesday - depends on childcare). — strangecharm, Jan 10 '22 at 19:27
... no need . Seems likely was a (perhaps temporary) local issue, rather than a code /programming problem. — user20650, Jan 10 '22 at 19:29
If that turns out not to be the case I'll update here. Thanks for the guidance. ATB. — strangecharm, Jan 11 '22 at 07:42

score 1 · Answer 1 · answered Jan 10 '22 at 07:40

Trying to chase down the error in rstatix - per user20650's comment above.

New session (via menu in R Studio) - dput() code above used to create test data.frame, rstatix loaded using library(rstatix), then test run with

Cohen <- test %>% 
    group_by(TimePeriod) %>%
    cohens_d(LST ~ Month, paired = FALSE)

Test runs successfully:

> Cohen
# A tibble: 72 x 8
   .y.   group1 group2 effsize TimePeriod    n1    n2 magnitude 
 * <chr> <chr>  <chr>    <dbl> <fct>      <int> <int> <ord>     
 1 LST   1      2       0.704  1             19    19 moderate  
 2 LST   1      3       0.516  1             19    19 moderate  
 3 LST   1      4       0.669  1             19    19 moderate  
 4 LST   1      5       0.686  1             19    19 moderate  
 5 LST   1      6       1.10   1             19    19 large     
 6 LST   1      7      -0.480  1             19    19 small     
 7 LST   1      8       0.106  1             19    19 negligible
 8 LST   1      9       0.489  1             19    19 small     
 9 LST   1      10     -0.0644 1             19    19 negligible
10 LST   1      11      0.138  1             19    19 negligible
# ... with 62 more rows

Packages loaded as dependencies of rstatix, as listed using sessionInfo():

R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01)
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 22000)

Matrix products: default

locale:
[1] LC_COLLATE=English_United Kingdom.1252  LC_CTYPE=English_United Kingdom.1252   
[3] LC_MONETARY=English_United Kingdom.1252 LC_NUMERIC=C                           
[5] LC_TIME=English_United Kingdom.1252    

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

other attached packages:
[1] rstatix_0.7.0

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] rstudioapi_0.13  magrittr_2.0.1   tidyselect_1.1.1 R6_2.5.1         rlang_0.4.12     carData_3.0-4   
 [7] fansi_0.5.0      car_3.0-12       dplyr_1.0.7      tools_4.1.2      broom_0.7.10     utf8_1.2.2      
[13] cli_3.1.0        DBI_1.1.2        ellipsis_0.3.2   abind_1.4-5      assertthat_0.2.1 tibble_3.1.6    
[19] lifecycle_1.0.1  crayon_1.4.2     purrr_0.3.4      tidyr_1.1.4      vctrs_0.3.8      glue_1.6.0      
[25] compiler_4.1.2   pillar_1.6.4     generics_0.1.1   backports_1.4.1  pkgconfig_2.0.3

Packages with pending updates in my installation of R Studio:

> old.packages()
               Package          LibPath                                               Installed Built   ReposVer 
broom          "broom"          "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "0.7.10"  "4.1.2" "0.7.11" 
carData        "carData"        "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "3.0-4"   "4.1.1" "3.0-5"  
datawizard     "datawizard"     "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "0.2.1"   "4.1.2" "0.2.2"  
distributional "distributional" "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "0.2.2"   "4.1.2" "0.3.0"  
esquisse       "esquisse"       "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "1.0.2"   "4.1.2" "1.1.0"  
fansi          "fansi"          "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "0.5.0"   "4.1.0" "1.0.0"  
gert           "gert"           "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "1.4.3"   "4.1.2" "1.5.0"  
httpuv         "httpuv"         "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "1.6.4"   "4.1.2" "1.6.5"  
insight        "insight"        "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "0.14.5"  "4.1.2" "0.15.0" 
RcppParallel   "RcppParallel"   "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "5.1.4"   "4.1.2" "5.1.5"  
renv           "renv"           "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "0.14.0"  "4.1.1" "0.15.0" 
SuppDists      "SuppDists"      "C:/Users/prmon/OneDrive/Documents/R/win-library/4.1" "1.1-9.5" "4.1.2" "1.1-9.7"
Matrix         "Matrix"         "C:/Program Files/R/R-4.1.2/library"                  "1.3-4"   "4.1.2" "1.4-0"  
               Repository                            
broom          "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
carData        "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
datawizard     "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
distributional "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
esquisse       "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
fansi          "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
gert           "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
httpuv         "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
insight        "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
RcppParallel   "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
renv           "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
SuppDists      "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"
Matrix         "https://cran.rstudio.com/src/contrib"

score 0 · Accepted Answer · answered Jan 07 '22 at 15:50

Using the effsize package instead of rstatix the test ran successfully:

LST_Weather_dataset %>% group_by(Month, .add = FALSE)
# A tibble: 456 x 14
# Groups:   Month [12]
   Buffer Date         LST Month  Year JulianDay TimePeriod
    <int> <date>     <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl>
 1    100 2010-01-15 0.581     1  2010        15          1
 2    100 2010-02-16 0.971     2  2010        47          1
 3    100 2010-03-20 1.63      3  2010        79          1
 4    100 2011-04-24 2.14      4  2011       114          1
 5    100 2010-05-07 1.90      5  2010       127          1
 6    100 2010-06-08 3.32      6  2010       159          1
 7    100 2011-07-13 1.67      7  2011       194          1
 8    100 2010-08-11 2.74      8  2010       223          1
 9    100 2010-09-12 2.27      9  2010       255          1
10    100 2011-10-17 0.987    10  2011       290          1
# ... with 446 more rows, and 7 more variables: Humidity <dbl>,
#   Wind_speed <dbl>, Wind_gust <dbl>, Wind_trend <dbl>,
#   Wind_direction <dbl>, Pressure <dbl>, Pressure_trend <dbl>
> CohenD2 <- cohen.d(
+     LST ~ TimePeriod | Subject(Buffer), paired = TRUE
+     )
> CohenD2

Cohen's d

d estimate: 0.5875947 (medium)
95 percent confidence interval:
    lower     upper 
0.4328020 0.7423874 

> ungroup(LST_Weather_dataset)
# A tibble: 456 x 14
   Buffer Date         LST Month  Year JulianDay TimePeriod
    <int> <date>     <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>     <dbl>      <dbl>
 1    100 2010-01-15 0.581     1  2010        15          1
 2    100 2010-02-16 0.971     2  2010        47          1
 3    100 2010-03-20 1.63      3  2010        79          1
 4    100 2011-04-24 2.14      4  2011       114          1
 5    100 2010-05-07 1.90      5  2010       127          1
 6    100 2010-06-08 3.32      6  2010       159          1
 7    100 2011-07-13 1.67      7  2011       194          1
 8    100 2010-08-11 2.74      8  2010       223          1
 9    100 2010-09-12 2.27      9  2010       255          1
10    100 2011-10-17 0.987    10  2011       290          1
# ... with 446 more rows, and 7 more variables: Humidity <dbl>,
#   Wind_speed <dbl>, Wind_gust <dbl>, Wind_trend <dbl>,
#   Wind_direction <dbl>, Pressure <dbl>, Pressure_trend <dbl>
> CohenD2 <- cohen.d(
+     LST ~ TimePeriod | Subject(Buffer), paired = TRUE
+     )
> CohenD2

Cohen's d

d estimate: 0.5875947 (medium)
95 percent confidence interval:
    lower     upper 
0.4328020 0.7423874

Grouping the data using group_by made no difference as | Subject() does this within the function.

Thanks @user20650 for your help with this. :) – strangecharm Jan 07 '22 at 15:50 — strangecharm, Jan 07 '22 at 15:50

Cohens_d error due to non-numeric vector...but where is it?

2 Answers2