setattr to prohibit changes to instance/self variables?

Question

I have a class Fraction whose init creates the instance variables self.num = num and self.denom=denom:

    def __init__(self,num=0,denom=1):
        assert isinstance(num, int), "Numerator and denominator must be an integer"
        assert isinstance(denom, int), "Numerator and denominator must be an integer"
        assert denom != 0, "Denominator cannot be 0."
        self.num = num
        self.denom = denom

and I'm trying to write its __setattr__ method to prohibit changes to the instance variables once they have been initialized by raising a NameError:

    def __setattr__(self,name,value):
        if name not in Fraction.__dict__:
            self.__dict__[name] = value
        else:
            raise NameError

From printing Fraction.__dict__, I can see that the dict contains Fractions methods, rather than num,denom and their respective values. So I then tried to do: if name not in Fraction().__dict__: and I ended up with a infinite recursion error. How can I access the dictionary that contains the instance variables?

It sounds like you wanted `self.__dict__` in the `if`, not only in the assignment later. — Blckknght, Oct 20 '21 at 07:25
The members `num` and `denum` are bound to an instance of your class. Thus, you have to use `self.__dict__` instead of `Fraction.__dict__`. — Stefan Scheller, Oct 20 '21 at 07:26
Ahh, I can't believe I overlooked that. The marked answer and these comments both solve my problem in different ways. Thanks guys. — newbiecoder11, Oct 20 '21 at 07:38

score 1 · Accepted Answer · answered Oct 20 '21 at 07:26

1

You should use __slots__ instead to limit attributes to only those you want.

https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#slots

__slots__ allow us to explicitly declare data members (like properties) and deny the creation of __dict__ and __weakref__ (unless explicitly declared in __slots__ or available in a parent.)

[...] Without a __dict__ variable, instances cannot be assigned new variables not listed in the __slots__ definition. Attempts to assign to an unlisted variable name raises AttributeError. [...]

So basically in your class add this, preferably somewhere at the top (just after class line and before init):

__slots__ = 'num', 'denom'

And remove your setattr :)

answered Oct 20 '21 at 07:26

h4z3

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I see. This is a lot simpler, as well. Thank you. – newbiecoder11 Oct 20 '21 at 07:34
1

Beware. Slots are not intended to prevent adding new attributes to objects but are an optimization feature - read official Python doc about that point. Specifically subclasses will get a `__dict__` special attribute which will allow dynamic creation of new attributes. – Serge Ballesta Oct 20 '21 at 07:41
@SergeBallesta The doc link is already in my answer, I only quoted parts relevant to the question. :) But as to what you mention, from those same docs: `The action of a __slots__ declaration is not limited to the class where it is defined. __slots__ declared in parents are available in child classes. However, child subclasses will get a __dict__ and __weakref__ unless they also define __slots__ (which should only contain names of any additional slots).` – h4z3 Oct 20 '21 at 07:49

__setattr__ to prohibit changes to instance/self variables?

1 Answers1

setattr to prohibit changes to instance/self variables?