Yes you can get them back.
They are saved on the hard-drive if your settings are set to their default values.
The universal method (works the same for all systems) is to hit the [F1] key, then type the command below into the input, until you see the option. When you do see the option click on it to open the directory.
Settings Sync: Open Backups Folder
The other option you have is to view the data in VSCode using the following VSCode command from your quick input using the [F1] key followed by the same instructions for the command above.
Settings Sync: Show Synced Data
There should be several saved versions of your settings, unless you have changed your configuration for settings sync in the settings menu, or in your user/workspace settings.json
file.
Personally I like to just open backup folders and pullout what I need. If you are like me, and you use Ubuntu then the path below is the path used by VSCode to store backed-up keybindings & Settings.json instances. You can pullout what ever you need from that directory.
~/.config/Code/User/settings.json
If you need to restore the backed up files, you can visit this link, it demonstrates how to return to a previous editor configuration:
RESTORE PREVIOUS VS CODE CONFIGURATION: