Is there a similar functionality for Azure Devops?
The answer is yes.
Azure DevOps Services uses the OAuth 2.0 protocol to authorize your app for a user and generate an access token. And we need make sure Authorised scopes include code (Read) when we generate the OAuth token:

Please refer this document and this blog for some more details.
Note:
Since OAuth 2.0 is not supported on Azure DevOps Server
(I saw you add Azure DevOps Server
tag on your post). Client
Libraries are a series of packages built specifically for extending
Azure DevOps Server functionality. For on-premises users, we recommend
using Client Libraries, Windows Auth, or Personal Access Tokens
(PATs) to authenticate on behalf of a user.