Why is orig_eax provided in addition to eax?

Question

Why is the orig_eax member included in sys/user.h's struct user_regs_struct?

Answer 1

Because it was in struct pt_regs, which is .... http://tomoyo.sourceforge.jp/cgi-bin/lxr/source/arch/x86/include/asm/user_32.h#L77

 73  * is still the layout used by user mode (the new
 74  * pt_regs doesn't have all registers as the kernel
 75  * doesn't use the extra segment registers)

So, a lot of user-space utilities expect an orig_eax field here, so it is included in user_regs_struct too (to be compatible with older debuggers and ptracers)

Next question is "Why is the orig_eax member included in struct pt_regs?".

It was added in linux 0.95 http://lxr.linux.no/#linux-old+v0.95/include/sys/ptrace.h#L44. I suggest this was done after some other unix with pt_regs struct. Comment in 0.95 says

  29 * this struct defines the way the registers are stored on the 
  30 * stack during a system call.

So, the place of orig_eax is defined by syscall interface. Here it is http://lxr.linux.no/#linux-old+v0.95/kernel/sys_call.s

  17 * Stack layout in 'ret_from_system_call':
  18 *      ptrace needs to have all regs on the stack.
  19 *      if the order here is changed, it needs to be 
  20 *      updated in fork.c:copy_process, signal.c:do_signal,
  21 *      ptrace.c ptrace.h
  22 *
  23 *       0(%esp) - %ebx
 ...
  29 *      18(%esp) - %eax
 ...
  34 *      2C(%esp) - orig_eax

Why do we need to save old eax twice? Because eax will be used for the return value of syscall (same file, a bit below):

  96_system_call:
  97        cld
  98        pushl %eax              # save orig_eax
  99        push %gs
...
 102        push %ds
 103        pushl %eax              # save eax.  The return value will be put here.
 104        pushl %ebp
...
 117        call _sys_call_table(,%eax,4)

Ptrace needs to be able to read both all registers state before syscall and the return value of syscall; but the return value is written to %eax. Then original eax, used before syscall will be lost. To save it, there is a orig_eax field.

UPDATE: Thanks to R.. and great LXR, I did a full search of orig_eax in linux 0.95.

It is used not only in ptrace, but also in do_signal when restarting a syscall (if there is a syscall, ended with ERESTARTSYS)

 158                        *(&eax) = orig_eax;

UPDATE2: Linus said something interesting about it:

It's important that ORIG_EAX be set to some value that is not a valid system call number, so that the system call restart logic (see the signal handling code) doesn't trigger.

UPDATE3: ptracer app (debugger) can change orig_eax to change system call number to be called: http://lkml.org/lkml/1999/10/30/82 (in some versions of kernel, is was EIO to change in ptrace an ORIG_EAX)