I finally figured it out. I checked in phpmyadmin where the data is stored. It turned out that the data is saved in wp_termmeta and not as I thought in wp_postmeta. This is why most of the solutions didn't work.
Working workaround code for repeater added to taxonomy (a category in my example) using get_term_meta instead of ACF code (loops and functions).
<?php
// name of repeater field
$repeater = 'questions';
// get taxonomy id
$taxonomy_id = get_queried_object_id();
// get repeater data from term meta
$post_meta = get_term_meta($taxonomy_id, $repeater, true);
// count items in repeater
$count = intval(get_term_meta($taxonomy_id, $repeater, true));
// loop + apply filter the_content to preserve html formatting
for ($i=0; $i<$count; $i++) {
echo apply_filters('the_content', get_term_meta($taxonomy_id, $repeater.'_'.$i.'_'.'title', true));
echo apply_filters('the_content', get_term_meta($taxonomy_id, $repeater.'_'.$i.'_'.'answer', true));
}
?>
The solution from documentation still doesn't work for repeaters in taxonomy. It does work for non-repeaters (ex. image, text added to taxonomy).
https://www.advancedcustomfields.com/resources/adding-fields-taxonomy-term/