Like we have ASCII encoding system for characters. Then what is the encoding system used for other things such as an image, audio or video etc?
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ASCII is just one codec. A codec (short for encoder/decoder) is an agreement between party's how data should be record and transferred. That agreement is usually documented in the form of an RFC, or ISO document.
ASCII is documented in ISO/IEC 8859
There are many other text formats like UTF and ebcdic for example.
Just like text, there is not a single codec for audio, video and images. There are dozens, or even hundreds.
JPG/PNG are image codecs. Video is most commenly AVC, HEVC, VP9, AV1, YUV, But there are many more. Audio has mp3, AAC, Dolby Digital, Opus, PCM, and many many more.

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