There's no way to get information about host users from inside a container. A design goal of Docker is that the host and containers are isolated from each other. A container has no concept of a host user; from the Docker daemon point of view, Docker doesn't even really know which user requested that a container be launched.
(This is doubly true if your host authentication system is something more complicated like an LDAP setup: a container simply may not have the tools or credentials required to query it, and the isolation means there's no way to somehow delegate to the host.)
If a principal goal of your application is to interact with host users, or the host filesystem, or you otherwise actively don't want Docker's isolation features, it's better to run your program outside of Docker.