In order to obtain the socket information, then the native socket must have been created, that is, obtain a socketDescriptor() other than -1, but in your case it is not connected causing that value not to be read, returning a invalid QVariant.
The solution is to connect the socket and analyze that the socket is valid to obtain the desired information:
#include <QCoreApplication>
#include <QTimer>
#include <QUdpSocket>
#include <QDebug>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QCoreApplication a(argc, argv);
QUdpSocket socket;
QObject::connect(&socket, &QAbstractSocket::stateChanged, [&socket](){
if(socket.socketDescriptor() != -1){
qDebug() << socket.socketOption(QAbstractSocket::ReceiveBufferSizeSocketOption);
// kill application
QTimer::singleShot(1000, &QCoreApplication::quit);
}
});
socket.bind(QHostAddress::LocalHost, 1234);
return a.exec();
}
Output:
QVariant(int, 212992)