I'm trying to create a game using Apple's SpriteKit game engine.
While implementing some physics-based calculations in the game, I noticed that the calculated results differ from what effectively then happens to objects.
Example: calculating a body's trajectory through projectile motion's equations causes the body to actually fall down much sooner/quicker than what calculated.
How can I make the physics engine match the real-world physics laws when calculating something gravity-related?
I think I know what's going on with the sample code you have supplied on GitHub, which I'll reproduce here as questions on SO should contain the code:
//
// GameScene.swift
// SpriteKitGravitySample
//
// Created by Emilio Schepis on 17/01/2020.
// Copyright © 2020 Emilio Schepis. All rights reserved.
//
import SpriteKit
import GameplayKit
class GameScene: SKScene {
private var subject: SKNode!
override func didMove(to view: SKView) {
super.didMove(to: view)
// World setup (no friction, default gravity)
// Note that this would work with any gravity set to the scene.
physicsBody = SKPhysicsBody(edgeLoopFrom: frame)
physicsBody?.friction = 0
subject = SKShapeNode(circleOfRadius: 10)
subject.position = CGPoint(x: frame.midX, y: 30)
subject.physicsBody = SKPhysicsBody(circleOfRadius: 10)
subject.physicsBody?.allowsRotation = false
// Free falling body (no damping)
subject.physicsBody?.linearDamping = 0
subject.physicsBody?.angularDamping = 0
addChild(subject)
// Set an arbitrary velocity to the body
subject.physicsBody?.velocity = CGVector(dx: 30, dy: 700)
// Inaccurate prediction of position over time
for time in stride(from: CGFloat(0), to: 1, by: 0.01) {
let inaccuratePosition = SKShapeNode(circleOfRadius: 2)
inaccuratePosition.strokeColor = .red
// These lines use the projectile motion equations as-is.
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectile_motion#Displacement
let v = subject.physicsBody?.velocity ?? .zero
let x = v.dx * time
let y = v.dy * time + 0.5 * physicsWorld.gravity.dy * pow(time, 2)
inaccuratePosition.position = CGPoint(x: x + subject.position.x,
y: y + subject.position.y)
addChild(inaccuratePosition)
}
// Actual prediction of position over time
for time in stride(from: CGFloat(0), to: 1, by: 0.01) {
let accuratePosition = SKShapeNode(circleOfRadius: 2)
accuratePosition.strokeColor = .green
// These lines use the projectile motion equations
// as if the gravity was 150 times stronger.
// The subject follows this curve perfectly.
let v = subject.physicsBody?.velocity ?? .zero
let x = v.dx * time
let y = v.dy * time + 0.5 * physicsWorld.gravity.dy * 150 * pow(time, 2)
accuratePosition.position = CGPoint(x: x + subject.position.x,
y: y + subject.position.y)
addChild(accuratePosition)
}
}
}
What you've done is to:
subject with a physicsBody and placed it
on screen with a initial velocity.inaccuratePosition node, using Newton's laws of
motion (v = ut + 1/2at²)accuratePosition node, using Newton's laws of
motionAll this is is didMoveTo. When the simulation runs, the path of the node subject follows the accuratePosition path accurately.
I think what's happening is that you are calculating the predicted position using subject's physicsBody's velocity, which is in m/s, but the position is in points, so what you should do is convert m/s into point/s first.
So what's the scale factor? Well from Apple's documentation here; it's.... 150 which is too much of a coincidence , so I think that's the problem.
Bear in mind that you set the vertical velocity of your object to 700m/s - that's 1500mph or 105000 SK point/s. You'd expect it to simply disappear out through the top of the screen at high speed, as predicted by your red path. The screen is somewhere between 1,000 and 2,000 points.
Edit - I created a sample project to demonstrate the calculated paths with and without the multiplier.
https://github.com/emilioschepis/spritekit-gravity-sample
TL;DR - When calculating something gravity-related in SpriteKit multiply the gravity of the scene by 151 to obtain an accurate result.
When trying to solve this issue I first started reading the SpriteKit documentation related to gravity:
https://developer.apple.com/documentation/spritekit/skphysicsworld/1449623-gravity
The documentation says:
The components of this property are measured in meters per second. The default value is (0.0,-9.8), which represent’s Earth’s gravity.
Gravity, however is calculated in m/s^2 and not in m/s.
Thinking that was an error in the implementation of gravity in SpriteKit I began thinking that maybe real-world-based physics laws could not be applied in the scene.
I did, however, come across another documentation page about the linear gravity field that correctly reported that gravity is measured in m/s^2 in SpriteKit.
https://developer.apple.com/documentation/spritekit/skfieldnode/1520145-lineargravityfield
I then setup a simple free falling scene where I applied an initial velocity to a physics body and then calculated the expected trajectory, while comparing it to the actual trajectory.
The x-axis calculations were accurate from the start, suggesting that the only problem was with the gravity's value.
I then tried manually modified the gravity in the scene until the actual trajectory matched the predicted one.
What I found is that there is a "magic" value of ~151 that has to be factored in when using the physics world's gravity property in the game.
Modifying, for example, the y-axis calculations for the trajectory from
let dy = velocity.dy * time + 0.5 * gravity * pow(time, 2)
to
let dy = velocity.dy * time + 0.5 * 151 * gravity * pow(time, 2)
resulted in accurate calculations.
I hope this is useful to anyone who might encounter the same problem in the future.