Biggest difference is that when you capture an image you get a processed jpg file, when you're scanning you're working with raw YUV byte array.
When talking about a picture you usually need to worry about quality, flash, aperture, shutter speed, iso, white balance and a lot of other things that will make it a good picture and nice for people to see, and when you're working with a scan you usually don't care much about any of these things, you just need to get information from the image.
Another big difference is that you can capture a lot of YUV bytes very fast, while taking a picture takes time.
That covers the basic differences, but there's a lot of info when talking about photo and scanning, and more when you enter a specific subject. I suggest you to read about Camera and Camera preview.