First item: You have to learn how to use Gradle. Gradle is a project manager. It allow you to install libraries in your project.
Second item: the origin of the data: The native database in android is SQLite. These days android has nice libraries to store data one is called Room and the other Realm. Room allow you to abstract from SQL queries. You can use Room or Realm by data models and interfaces.
Third item: "A QR code is like a graphic representation of a String", so for your QR code in your dat base you should have a simple varchar column, and do not worry about the qr code belong from "a graphic".
Fourth item: please, try to read: Android QRCode Scanner Library
to find some qr code reader library which adapt better to your app.
So can I found database contain these or I need to create one? you need to create one, try to find some good example easy to adapt to your project.
who can I attach each QR code with the rest of information (name, price)? you can attach each QR code with the id of the product so this part will be more stable as the time goes by.
Do you have any another solution for this project ? I don't know the whole process you only describe the part when you pick up the Qr. The "right" payment process depends on which payment gateway your country have. I hope you have a good professor.
Final advice item: Pay special attention on permissions:
https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission#CAMERA.
Even though you are not going to take pictures, you will use the camera to read wild QRs.