Yes, this should be do-able if both databases are on the same server, or the servers are linked.
You can test this by running the query you are trying to enter here as Source directly into SSMS on the source database and see if it runs (maybe limited with a TOP 100
or something).
If linked servers aren't an option, look into SQL Server Integration Services. With SSIS you can craft a data flow (in fact, the Import- and export wizard creates a very simple SSIS package). How your data flow might look is described quite well in the answers to this question. Especially if this is a recurring task, it might be beneficial to have this stored in an SSIS package that you can then run on demand or plan execution in the SQL Server Agent.
If SSIS isn't an option either, consider splitting the data transfer in two steps, where you first transfer all rows from source to destination into a staging table, then copy from the staging table to the destination table what you need based on the filter. This might present quite the hit in both performance, bandwidth and disk space however and is the least elegant solution.