If by "Microsoft Query", you're talking about the window that looks like it was coded for Windows 95, stop using it. This is provided for retro-compatibility.
Anyway, if you've displayed the criteria bar in MS query, you can type a name between brackets e.g. [Something]
and MS query will prompt you to fill a value.
Not what you want yet but getting close. When you return to Excel and refresh the query, the prompt will now offer you the possibility to use a cell instead of a value you need to type every type.
In the more modern connection utility accessible via menu data > Connections (+ available even if you created your table via MS Query btw), you can achieve that by using question marks in the WHERE
clause.
For instance, instead of SomeField = 'SomeValue'
, write SomeField = ?
Then, click on the Parameters button and you'll see all the parameters you've set, each of them can be attached to a cell's value.