Workaround for a certain IOServiceOpen() call requiring root privileges

Question

Background

It is possible to perform a software-controlled disconnection of the power adapter of a Mac laptop by creating an DisableInflow power management assertion.

Code from this answer to an SO question can be used to create said assertion. The following is a working example that creates this assertion until the process is killed:

#include <IOKit/pwr_mgt/IOPMLib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main()
{
    IOPMAssertionID         neverSleep = 0;

    IOPMAssertionCreateWithName(kIOPMAssertionTypeDisableInflow,
                                kIOPMAssertionLevelOn,
                                CFSTR("disable inflow"),
                                &neverSleep);

    while (1)
    {
        sleep(1);
    }
}

This runs successfully and the power adapter is disconnected by software while the process is running.

What's interesting, though, is that I was able to run this code as a regular user, without root privileges, which wasn't supposed to happen. For instance, note the comment in this file from Apple's open source repositories:

// Disables AC Power Inflow (requires root to initiate)
#define kIOPMAssertionTypeDisableInflow                     CFSTR("DisableInflow")
#define kIOPMInflowDisableAssertion                         kIOPMAssertionTypeDisableInflow

I found some code which apparently performs the actual communication with the charger; it can be found here. The following functions, from this file, appears to be of particular interest:

IOReturn 
AppleSmartBatteryManagerUserClient::externalMethod( 
    uint32_t selector, 
    IOExternalMethodArguments * arguments,
    IOExternalMethodDispatch * dispatch __unused, 
    OSObject * target __unused, 
    void * reference __unused )
{
    if (selector >= kNumBattMethods) {
        // Invalid selector
        return kIOReturnBadArgument;
    }

    switch (selector)
    {
        case kSBInflowDisable:
            // 1 scalar in, 1 scalar out
            return this->secureInflowDisable((int)arguments->scalarInput[0],
                                            (int *)&arguments->scalarOutput[0]);
            break;

        // ...
     }

     // ...
}

IOReturn AppleSmartBatteryManagerUserClient::secureInflowDisable(
    int level,
    int *return_code)
{
    int             admin_priv = 0;
    IOReturn        ret = kIOReturnNotPrivileged;

    if( !(level == 0 || level == 1))
    {
        *return_code = kIOReturnBadArgument;
        return kIOReturnSuccess;
    }

    ret = clientHasPrivilege(fOwningTask, kIOClientPrivilegeAdministrator);
    admin_priv = (kIOReturnSuccess == ret);

    if(admin_priv && fOwner) {
        *return_code = fOwner->disableInflow( level );
        return kIOReturnSuccess;
    } else {
        *return_code = kIOReturnNotPrivileged;
        return kIOReturnSuccess;
    }

}

Note how, in secureInflowDisable(), root privileges are checked for prior to running the code. Note also this initialization code in the same file, again requiring root privileges, as explicitly pointed out in the comments:

bool AppleSmartBatteryManagerUserClient::initWithTask(task_t owningTask, 
                    void *security_id, UInt32 type, OSDictionary * properties)
{    
    uint32_t            _pid;

     /* 1. Only root processes may open a SmartBatteryManagerUserClient.
      * 2. Attempts to create exclusive UserClients will fail if an
      *     exclusive user client is attached.
      * 3. Non-exclusive clients will not be able to perform transactions
      *     while an exclusive client is attached.
      * 3a. Only battery firmware updaters should bother being exclusive.
      */
    if ( kIOReturnSuccess !=
            clientHasPrivilege(owningTask, kIOClientPrivilegeAdministrator))
    {
        return false;
    }

    // ...
}

Starting from the code from the same SO question above (the question itself, not the answer), for the sendSmartBatteryCommand() function, I wrote some code that calls the function passing kSBInflowDisable as the selector (the variable which in the code).

Unlike the code using assertions, this one only works as root. If running as a regular user, IOServiceOpen() returns, weirdly enough, kIOReturnBadArgument (not kIOReturnNotPrivileged, as I would have expected). Perhaps this has to do with the initWithTask() method above.

The question

I need to perform a call with a different selector to this same Smart Battery Manager kext. Even so, I can't even get to the IOConnectCallMethod() since IOServiceOpen() fails, presumably because the initWithTask() method prevents any non-root users from opening the service.

The question, therefore, is this: how is IOPMAssertionCreateWithName() capable of creating a DisableInflow assertion without root privileges?

The only possibility I can think of is if there's a root-owned process to which requests are forwarded, and which performs the actual work of calling IOServiceOpen() and later IOConnectCallMethod() as root.

However, I'm hoping there's a different way of calling the Smart Battery Manager kext which doesn't require root (one that doesn't involve the IOServiceOpen() call.) Using IOPMAssertionCreateWithName() itself is not possible in my application, since I need to call a different selector within that kext, not the one that disables inflow.

It's also possible this is in fact a security vulnerability, which Apple will now fix in a future release as soon as it is alerted to this question. That would be too bad, but understandable.

Although running as root is a possibility in macOS, it's obviously desirable to avoid privilege elevation unless absolutely necessary. Also, in the future I'd like to run the same code under iOS, where it's impossible to run anything as root, in my understanding (note this is an app I'm developing for my own personal use; I understand linking to IOKit wipes out any chance of getting the app published in the App Store).