It's not possible to render bitmap tiles on a device just from information contained in mbtiles data file.
What actually is a mbtiles file?
A mbtiles file is just an SQLite database which contains a very little amount of metadata and rendered bitmap images - tiles Those are the same bitmap files you would be serving online from your openmaptiles-server.
Size of mbtiles file versus size of tiles
MBtiles file size should be almost the same as the overall size of all generated files on your mbtiles server (it's the same number of tiles in each zoom level and the same number of pixels in each tile). If you see a significant difference, it may mean that your mbtiles file doesn't contain the same zoom range (e.g. it doesn't actually contain those most detailed zoom levels) or it contains a smaller area. Some difference may be also caused by a compression algorithm of contained bitmaps and here the actual styling of tiles may play some role (some bitmaps may be easier to compress a resulting PNG may be smaller.
It may be also possible, that the mbtiles file actually contains another image format (jpeg).
If you want to explore what is actually contained in the downloaded mbtiles file, try this tool.
Solution
I don't' think there is a solution when you need to use bitmap tiles. You need to either generate them on a server and download them via network, or you need to prerender them and pack into a mbtile file and download that to a device somehow.
One possible solution would be to use vector maps. It's actually possible to generate vector tiles from Openstreetmap data. Such tiles are than rendered on a device and can actually be styled on the device too.
Unfortunately, Osmdroid library does not support vector tiles at the time of writing (AFAIK). You would have to choose a different map rendering library.