ButtonGroup class does not provide a method to identify the currently selected button (inherited from AbstractButton) in the group if that is your intention. It only has clearSelection() method to clear the selected state of all buttons in the group (with exception for JButton and JMenuItem which don't have select/deselect button state).
One solution I can think of is to use a special variable or field (AbstractButton, JRadioButton or JRadioButtonMenuItem if it is in a menu item) to identify which one is currently selected by updating it inside each AbstractButton's action listener method (make sure to validate user clicks since it can be triggered more than once!). Use the variable (by typecasting it - for AbstractButton only) in other method(s).
Other than that, nope...you will need to do conditional branching.