Passing a method as a parameter in Ruby

Question

I am trying to mess around a little bit with Ruby. Therefor I try to implement the algorithms (given in Python) from the book "Programming Collective Intelligence" Ruby.

In chapter 8 the author passes a method a as parameter. This seems to work in Python but not in Ruby.

I have here the method

def gaussian(dist, sigma=10.0)
  foo
end

and want to call this with another method

def weightedknn(data, vec1, k = 5, weightf = gaussian)
  foo
  weight = weightf(dist)
  foo
end

All I got is an error

ArgumentError: wrong number of arguments (0 for 1)

Answer 1

The comments referring to blocks and Procs are correct in that they are more usual in Ruby. But you can pass a method if you want. You call method to get the method and .call to call it:

def weightedknn( data, vec1, k = 5, weightf = method(:gaussian) )
  ...
  weight = weightf.call( dist )
  ...
end

Answer 2

You want a proc object:

gaussian = Proc.new do |dist, *args|
  sigma = args.first || 10.0
  ...
end

def weightedknn(data, vec1, k = 5, weightf = gaussian)
  ...
  weight = weightf.call(dist)
  ...
end

Just note that you can't set a default argument in a block declaration like that. So you need to use a splat and setup the default in the proc code itself.

---

Or, depending on your scope of all this, it may be easier to pass in a method name instead.

def weightedknn(data, vec1, k = 5, weightf = :gaussian)
  ...
  weight = self.send(weightf)
  ...
end

In this case you are just calling a method that is defined on an object rather than passing in a complete chunk of code. Depending on how you structure this you may need replace self.send with object_that_has_the_these_math_methods.send

---

Last but not least, you can hang a block off the method.

def weightedknn(data, vec1, k = 5)
  ...
  weight = 
    if block_given?
      yield(dist)
    else
      gaussian.call(dist)
    end
  end
  ...
end

weightedknn(foo, bar) do |dist|
  # square the dist
  dist * dist
end

But it sounds like you would like more reusable chunks of code here.

Answer 3

You can pass a method as parameter with method(:function) way. Below is a very simple example:

def double(a)
  return a * 2 
end
=> nil

def method_with_function_as_param( callback, number) 
  callback.call(number) 
end 
=> nil

method_with_function_as_param( method(:double) , 10 ) 
=> 20

Answer 4

The normal Ruby way to do this is to use a block.

So it would be something like:

def weightedknn(data, vec1, k = 5)
  foo
  weight = yield(dist)
  foo
end

And used like:

weightedknn(data, vec1) { |dist| gaussian( dist ) }

This pattern is used extensively in Ruby.

Answer 5

You can use the & operator on the Method instance of your method to convert the method to a block.

Example:

def foo(arg)
  p arg
end

def bar(&block)
  p 'bar'
  block.call('foo')
end

bar(&method(:foo))

More details at http://weblog.raganwald.com/2008/06/what-does-do-when-used-as-unary.html

Answer 6

You have to call the method "call" of the function object:

weight = weightf.call( dist )

EDIT: as explained in the comments, this approach is wrong. It would work if you're using Procs instead of normal functions.

Answer 7

I would recommend to use ampersand to have an access to named blocks within a function. Following the recommendations given in this article you can write something like this (this is a real scrap from my working program):

  # Returns a valid hash for html form select element, combined of all entities
  # for the given +model+, where only id and name attributes are taken as
  # values and keys correspondingly. Provide block returning boolean if you
  # need to select only specific entities.
  #
  # * *Args*    :
  #   - +model+ -> ORM interface for specific entities'
  #   - +&cond+ -> block {|x| boolean}, filtering entities upon iterations
  # * *Returns* :
  #   - hash of {entity.id => entity.name}
  #
  def make_select_list( model, &cond )
    cond ||= proc { true } # cond defaults to proc { true }
    # Entities filtered by cond, followed by filtration by (id, name)
    model.all.map do |x|
      cond.( x ) ? { x.id => x.name } : {}
    end.reduce Hash.new do |memo, e| memo.merge( e ) end
  end

Afterwerds, you can call this function like this:

@contests = make_select_list Contest do |contest|
  logged_admin? or contest.organizer == @current_user
end

If you don't need to filter your selection, you simply omit the block:

@categories = make_select_list( Category ) # selects all categories

So much for the power of Ruby blocks.

Answer 8

Similarly to a Proc or a method call, you can also pass a lambda as weightf parameter :

def main
  gaussian = -> (params) {
    ...
  }
  weightedknn(data, vec1, k = 5, gaussian, params)
  # Use symbol :gaussian if method exists instead
end

def weightedknn(data, vec1, k = 5, weightf, params)
  ...
  weight = weightf.call(params)
  ...
end

Answer 9

you also can use "eval", and pass the method as a string argument, and then simply eval it in the other method.