Look at the docs. Particularly "Week ranges from 1 to 53. Jan 01 to Jan 03 of year n might belong to week 52 or 53 of year n-1, and Dec 29 to Dec 31 might belong to week 1 of year n+1"
Mainly your assumption that there are 52 weeks in a year is wrong. Which is why you are confused.
Go's calculation of week 52 is the same as every other programming language. Please take a look at this JavaScript implementation for that date, notice it too provides 52 as the week.
You're asking for a function for something which isn't accurate or useful, which is why such a function does not exist in the language. To make that function work, weeks would have to be cut off at the beginning and end of the year. Perhaps you don't realize a week is defined as 7 days, various countries and cultures begin and end their weeks on different days.
You can trivially write a function to do what you want to accomplish with your definition of a "week", but no there is not one in the standard library.