This isn't possible through Laravel's Cache system as of writing this.
Laravel's Cache Store contract can be found at https://laravel.com/api/5.6/Illuminate/Contracts/Cache/Store.html
For cache implementations, the only contracted methods to retrieve items from the cache are get() and many(), both of which require you to specify the exact keys of the items you wish to retrieve.
Certain stores, like memcached, extend the TaggableStore, but this only has the one method to tag items.
That's not to say you couldn't query your memcached independently of the cache methods, or write your own Store implementation with additional methods.